Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Migration: Temporary or permanent, internal or international, forced or…
Migration: Temporary or permanent, internal or international, forced or voluntary movement of people from source area to a receiving area
Definitions
Migration
Temporary or permanent, internal or international, forced or voluntary movement of people from source area to a receiving area
-
Forced Migration
Migratory movement with the element of coercion, when there is a threat to life or livelihood, whether natural or man-made
Political Conflict
When the government, authorities are unable or unwilling to provide protection, so migrants escape persecution by leaving their home country to settle in another country with a different regime (international)
Development Projects
Government constructs dams, large-scale urban renewal, forestry operations, mining, establish large parks
Environmental Disasters
Leave due to natural disasters, long-term environmental change, human-induced disasters
-
-
Impact on Source
Social
Improvement in SoL
- Inflow of remittance, income, comsumption, revenue, education, SoL
- India, remittance inflow of US $79B in 2019
Separation of Families
- Economically-active men leave
- Women burdened to care for family/land
- Children suffer psychologically
- Elderly lose social support, vulnerability
- Albania: 20,000 women living without their husbands in 2001
Increase in Dependency Ratio
Economic
Source of Foreign Currency
- Steady outflow from host origin = increased GDP and income
- India, 35M in Indian Diaspora, remittance
Dependence on Foreign Currency
- Over-reliance = vulnerable to external shocks
- Tonga, 49% of GDP from remittance --> Covid-19, estimated fall by 10% by end of 2020
Impact on Host
Social
Unequal Pay Distribution
- Usually low-waged --> lower wages of low-waged workers
- UK: 0.6% fall in wages of 5% lowest paid
Rise in Reproduction Sector
Political
Stricter Border Control
- Influx = competition for jobs
- Unhappiness of locals = pressure Government
- 2016 Proposed US-Mexico Border + harsher punishments on illegal immigration --> deter
Economic
Increased Economic Spending by Government
- Increased demand for housing/food/integration
- EU: 1.5B Euros to integrate migrants, limit numbers
Environmental
Loss of Biodiversity
- Expand = destroy vegetation surrounding city
- Expansion of Balikpapan in Kalimantan destroyed Sungei Wain Rainforest
-
Forced Migration: Migratory movement with the element of coercion, when there is a threat to life or livelihood, whether natural or man-made
-
Types of Forced Migrants
Refugees: seek refuge from a hazard or danger of persecution and are forced to cross an international boundary and move to another country
- Legitimate: legal rights (residency, wages, protection by UNHCR)
- Denied status: detention, sent back
Asylum Seekers: crossed an international border in the hope of being considered a refugee but their claim is still being considered
- Legitimacy questioned in West Europe/US/Aus
- Go to wealthy distant countries instead of neighbouring --> circumvent immigration process to improve economic situation
- Mostly suffer from political/human rights issues, not poor
Internally Displaced Person: forced or obliged to flee, leave homes or places of habitual residence, but have not crossed an internationally recognised state border
- lack legal protection of refugees
Development Displaces: Forced to relocated as consequence of large-scale development projects
- Sub-group of IDP
- Summer Olympic Games in Rio 2016, 3 Gorges Dam in China
Environmental Displacees: forcibly relocated due to environmental problems
- usually IDP but sometimes international
- Pacific Islanders on low-lying countries threatened by sea level rise
-
-
-
Human Trafficking: trade in human beings usually regarded as a form of slavery
- Forced labour, sexual slavery, forced marriage, organ/tissue extraction
- Sexual slavery: mostly girls (DCs = recruited online, LDCs = sold by families)
- International Labour Organisation estimated 4.5m working in sexual slavery in 2017
Case Studies
Niger
- to Niamey (Capital), Libya, Nigeria, Benin, Algeria
Causes
Job Insecurity
Land Degradation
- Deforestation
- Overgrazing
- Unsuitable for agriculture
- 3% drop in GDP from exports
Water Pollution + Siltation
- Niger river
- Harms fish reproduction
Water, Food Insecurity
- Droughts
- Overexploitation
- Lake Chad shrank 90% since 1966
Terrorism
- Boko Haram suicide bombings
Consequences
Origin
GDP
- Remittance increased from 1.96% in 2004 to 3.24% in 2017
Destination
Land-use Conflicts
- South Niger
- Fulani: feed cattle
- Djerma: crops
-
Dangerous for migrants
- Law on Illicit Smuggling of Migrants
- Smugglers to transport
- Militant groups, bandits attack migrant caravans
Syria
- to Turkey, Lebanon, Jordan
Causes
Political Conflict
- Oppose Assad government
- Al-Qaeda persecutes religious minorities
- Men do not want to be drafted into the military
Diseases
- Damaged infrastructure
- Clean water costs 1/5 income
- Destroyed healthcare infrastructure
- Deteriorating vaccination programme
Education
- 2000 schools militiarised, damaged
- Free education in Turkey
Consequences
Destination
Burden on Economy
- Turkey: concentrated in areas with limited job opportunities
- Drain on services
Conflict, Crime
- Receive social benefit = unhappiness among Turkish
-
Education
- Refugees not legally allowed to work
- Send children to work
Congo
Causes
Political Conflict
- Militia/rebel groups
- Human rights abuse
- 2017 Rebellion: thousands killed in massacre
Health Risks
- Ebola outbreak since 2018
- 3300 infections, 2200 deaths
Poor Living Conditions
- Violence
- Destroyed infrastructure (basic services)
- Endemic disease
- Malnutrition
- Sexual violence
Consequences
Lack Job Opportunities
- Bidi Bidi settlement, Uganda (270,000 people) on a small piece of land
- Market, teach, music, perform, technology
Food Insecurity
- Tanganyika Province
- 70,000 people
Managing Population
Ageing Population (Singapore)
- 83,000 seniors living along by 2030
- Those above 65 to triple by 2030 to 900,000
Community Eldercare System
- Divide SG into zones
- Ministry of Social and Family Development appoint anchor operators for each zone
- Up to 5 senior activity centres per zone
- Spend $400,000 million USD (10 nursing homes, 39 senior care centres, 56 senior activity centres)
Elder-Friendly Environment
- MOH: City for All Ages and Enhancement for Active Seniors
- Grants for organisations to enhance elder-friendly features
- Home Improvement Programme: retrofit toilets with non-slip floors
- Design more compact urban areas
- Kampung Admirality: first elderly retirement centre (hawker, rooftop garden, active-ageing hub, MRT, mart)
Gender Equality (Iceland)
- Top in World Economic Forum's Global Gender Gap Index for 9 years
- First to directly elect female president
- Nearly 1/2 MPs and company directors are women
- First-class daycare and parental leave (4/5 women have jobs)
- Pay Equity Law: accredited auditors to show they comply with national equal pay standards (Fine: ISK50,000)
Anti-trafficking
Education (John Schools, USA)
- Diversion programme instead of criminal prosecution
- Pay fee to cover costs + aid prostitutes
- Learn the harms of prostitution
- Less finantial incentive for traffickers
- More than 60 John Schools: Recidivism rate dropped from 8-5% (1981-2007)
Community Vigilance Groups (Bengal, Shakti Vahini Project)
- 100 groups in North Bengal District
- Watch movement of traffickers
- Spread awareness on dangers of human trafficking
- Disseminate info to villagers through pamphlets (helpline numbers, precaution messages)
- Community policing
- Kanyashree scheme: sensitisation programme with community mothers --> lessen school dropouts and trafficking
Government Legislation
- Trafficking Victims Protection Act: Federal law (sex and labour trafficking)
- Protection: expand services and health benefits to victims regardless of immigration status + immigration protections for foreign victims
- Prosecution: prosecutors have more clarity and power to strengthen penalties
- Prevention: international initiatives = more economic opportunities for potential victims