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4.2 Bio Summary - Coggle Diagram

- - - - air is actively pumped into the thacheal system by muscles moving in the thorax/ abdomen.
- - - - large surface area means that the gas exchange system needs to be efficient because gases cannot be diffused directly to/ from the centre of the organism efficiently enough to sustain life
    - - a constant conc. grad. needs to be sustained so that gases and nutrients which are needed by the organism can eb diffused into the blood, and so that waste products can be diffused out of the blood.
    - - the distance between the air and the body needs to be small for gas exchange to be efficient because this minimises the diffusion pathway's distance
  - - - need specialised gas exchange systems to transport gasses around the organism
        
        moist
        
        allows gases to dissolve into solvents allowing them to be diffused more easily
        
        large SA: volume ratio
        
        thin layers, minimises diffusion pathways
        
        short diffusion pathways, requires less energy to transport gases
        
        heats up air
        
        prevents damaging teh lungs
      - their gas exchange system is located in the thorax in the middle of the organism, gasses can be transported from the centre/ inside, more effciient