W9 - 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 The OU
TERRORISM
DEFINING TERRORISM 9.2
TERRORISM = SOCIAL CONSTRUCT
CONSTRUCTED ACCORDING TO
WHO AND WHY, RATHER THAN WHAT
SUBJECTIVELY DEFINED BY
PARTICULAR SOCIETY IN
PARTICULAR TIME
eg. CONFLICT ISRAELO-
PALESTINIAN
THE MEANS AND THE END
terrorism requires both
ACTUS REUS
ACTS (means)
MENS REA
INTENTIONS (goal)
MOTIVES (why)
Dr Richards
VIOLENCE
PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT
POLITICAL MOTIVE
LEGAL DEFINITIONS 9.2.2
TERRORISM ACT 2000
TO INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT
OR TO INTIMIDATE PUBLIC
FOR POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS
OR IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES
ACTS
SERIOUS VIOLENCE
SERIOUS DAMAGE
ENDANGER LIFE
SERIOUS RISK TO HEALTH OR SAFETY
SERIOUSLY DISRUP ELETRONIC SYSTEM
EXTREMISM 9.2.3
Martin Luther King
EXTREME BEHAVIOURS THAT
DONT HARM OTHERS
VIEWS OUTSIDE OF
NORMS (EQUALITY)
HUNGER STRIKES
SELF-IMMOLATION
...
OUTSIDE NORM DOESNT
MEAN EXTREME
EXTREMISM =
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED
FOR TERRORISTS =
THEIR BEHAVIOUR IS NORM
'DESTRUCTION-ORIENTED'
IDEOLOGY = VIOLENT EXTREMISM
BUT SOME PPL EMBRACE DESTRUCTION
IDEOLOGY BUT DONT DO VIOLENT ACT
PROMOTERS HELPING
THE VIOLENT ONES (Borum)
VIOLENCE &
AGGRESSION 9.3
AGGRESSION
ACTS INTENDING & CAUSING
PHYSICAL OR PSY HARM
VIOLENCE =ACTS
PHYSICAL & SERIOUS
INCLUDE FAILED
ATTEMPTS
EXCLUDE VERBAL ABUSE,
GRAFFITIS, PROPERTY DAMAGE
THEORIES OF
AGGRESSION
COGNITIVE THEORY
FRUSTRATION-
AGGRESSION THEORY
DE-INDIVIDUATION
(SOCIAL THEORY)
SOCIAL-LEARNING THEORY
PPL INTERACT W ENVIRONMT
BASED ON THEIR PERCEPT°
& INTERPRETAT°
ENVIRONMT° INTERPRETED HOSTILE =
AGGRESSION AS AN ANSWER
DIFFICULT FIND NON-
AGGRESSIVE RESPONSES
AGGRESSION RESULTS
FROM FRUSTRAT° (Dollard et al)
WHEN CAUSE CANT BE
DIRECTLY ATTACKED
FRUSTRAT° COMES FROM
BEING DENIED ACHIEVING GOAL
DIRECTED TO SB
/ STHG ELSE
(displaced aggression)
Berkowitz
OTHER NEGATIVE FEELINGS
CAN RESULT IN AGGRESSION
NEGATIVE-AFFECT THEORY
AGGRESSION WHEN
PART OF A GROUP
ANONYMITY
REDUCED SENSE OF
RESPONSIBILITY
OR WHEN SEEING THEM
AS COLLECTIVE
SOCIAL CONTAGION
PPL LEARN BEHAVIOURS
IN COPYING OTHERS