W9 - 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 The OU
TERRORISM

DEFINING TERRORISM 9.2

TERRORISM = SOCIAL CONSTRUCT

CONSTRUCTED ACCORDING TO
WHO AND WHY, RATHER THAN WHAT

SUBJECTIVELY DEFINED BY
PARTICULAR SOCIETY IN
PARTICULAR TIME

eg. CONFLICT ISRAELO-
PALESTINIAN

THE MEANS AND THE END
terrorism requires both

ACTUS REUS

ACTS (means)

MENS REA

INTENTIONS (goal)

MOTIVES (why)

Dr Richards

VIOLENCE

PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT

POLITICAL MOTIVE

LEGAL DEFINITIONS 9.2.2

TERRORISM ACT 2000

TO INFLUENCE GOVERNMENT
OR TO INTIMIDATE PUBLIC

FOR POLITICAL, RELIGIOUS
OR IDEOLOGICAL CAUSES

ACTS

SERIOUS VIOLENCE

SERIOUS DAMAGE

ENDANGER LIFE

SERIOUS RISK TO HEALTH OR SAFETY

SERIOUSLY DISRUP ELETRONIC SYSTEM

EXTREMISM 9.2.3

Martin Luther King

EXTREME BEHAVIOURS THAT
DONT HARM OTHERS

VIEWS OUTSIDE OF
NORMS (EQUALITY)

HUNGER STRIKES

SELF-IMMOLATION

...

OUTSIDE NORM DOESNT
MEAN EXTREME

EXTREMISM =
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED

FOR TERRORISTS =
THEIR BEHAVIOUR IS NORM

'DESTRUCTION-ORIENTED'
IDEOLOGY = VIOLENT EXTREMISM

BUT SOME PPL EMBRACE DESTRUCTION
IDEOLOGY BUT DONT DO VIOLENT ACT

PROMOTERS HELPING
THE VIOLENT ONES (Borum)

VIOLENCE &
AGGRESSION 9.3

AGGRESSION

ACTS INTENDING & CAUSING
PHYSICAL OR PSY HARM

VIOLENCE =ACTS
PHYSICAL & SERIOUS

INCLUDE FAILED
ATTEMPTS

EXCLUDE VERBAL ABUSE,
GRAFFITIS, PROPERTY DAMAGE

THEORIES OF
AGGRESSION

COGNITIVE THEORY

FRUSTRATION-
AGGRESSION THEORY

DE-INDIVIDUATION
(SOCIAL THEORY)

SOCIAL-LEARNING THEORY

PPL INTERACT W ENVIRONMT
BASED ON THEIR PERCEPT°
& INTERPRETAT°

ENVIRONMT° INTERPRETED HOSTILE =
AGGRESSION AS AN ANSWER

DIFFICULT FIND NON-
AGGRESSIVE RESPONSES

AGGRESSION RESULTS
FROM FRUSTRAT° (Dollard et al)

WHEN CAUSE CANT BE
DIRECTLY ATTACKED

FRUSTRAT° COMES FROM
BEING DENIED ACHIEVING GOAL

DIRECTED TO SB
/ STHG ELSE
(displaced aggression)

Berkowitz

OTHER NEGATIVE FEELINGS
CAN RESULT IN AGGRESSION

NEGATIVE-AFFECT THEORY

AGGRESSION WHEN
PART OF A GROUP

ANONYMITY

REDUCED SENSE OF
RESPONSIBILITY

OR WHEN SEEING THEM
AS COLLECTIVE

SOCIAL CONTAGION

PPL LEARN BEHAVIOURS
IN COPYING OTHERS