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The Thirty Years' War
General information
Took place between 1618 and 1648
Was caused by the conflicts
Between Catholics and Protestants
In the Holy Roman Empire
It developed into
A more general conflict
Among the great powers in Europe
For European political domination
Main phases
The Peace of Westphalia (1648)
The toll the war was taking
Led the powers to sign this peace treaty
Ending the Thirty Years' War
The main consequences were
The Spanish monarchy
Lost their dominance over Europe
The independence of
The northern Low Countries
Was recognised
Became a great trading and naval power
Controlling the trade routes to Asia
The sovereignty of
The German states
Was recognised
They established
Religious tolerance
Limits on the power
Held by the Emperor
Sweden
Became the dominant state
On the Baltic coast
France
Obtained territories
In the Holy Roman Empire
Became the leading power
In Europe
Didn't end the conflicts
Between France and Spain
They continued to fight against each other
Protestant uprising in Bohemia
A group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
Expelled the Catholics and Protestants
In the Holy Roman Empire
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Ferdinand II of the House of Habsburg
Also King of Bohemia
Fought against them
Two sides were formed
The Emperor had the support of
The German Catholics
The King of Spain
Also from the Habsburg dynasty
Portugal
The Protestants formed an alliance
With Germany
They were defeated
The Intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory
The Lutheran King of Denmark intervened
Supported by England
The United Provinces
The northern Low Countries
Resumed their fight against Spain
The Protestants were defeated
Signed the Surrender of Breda (1626)
Swedish participation
The German Catholics
Seized the opportunity
To take the Protestants' possessions
The King of Sweden
Came to their aid
Creating a greater balance of military power
A peace treaty was signed
Religious persecution would be stopped
Protestant property would be returned
Sweden would gain more power in the area
France joined the conflict
Spain and the Holy Roman Empire
Became much more powerful
This preoccupied France
It was a Catholic state
But it formed an alliance
With the Protestants against the Catholic side
The Battle of Rocroi (1643)
The French army defeated
The Spanish troops
France and absolutism
In the monarchies
The kings
Increased their power
Absolute monarchies
All the power was held
By the king
France
Became the main example
Of an absolute monarchy
Under King Louis XIV
Characteristics of Louis's reign
The monarch
Held unrestricted power
Made laws
Governed through decrees
He had a large court of advisors
Who lived with him
In the luxurious Palace of Versalles
He increased the number of officials
Acting under his orders
Secretaries of state
Police
Mayors (represented the king in the provinces)
Magistrates (judges)
He gave the administrative officials
Who came from the bourgeoisie
Professional status
He had a board of governors
Consisting of ministers
Who acted under the orders
Of a Prime Minister or Chancellor
He expanded the diplomatic corps
He had an extremely well organised
Professional army
They had access to better weapons
They built defensive fortresses
He intervened in the economy
Instigating some developments
For his own benefit
The introduction of duties
The creation of royal workshop
Absolutism
Was supported by the Church
Absolute power
Was considered a divine right
The king was God's representative
Everyone was accountable to him
Some thinkers
Considered an absolute monarchy
To be the best possible political system
Absolutism began to spread
To the majority of the European states
Where parliamentary systems were introduced
Except England and Holland
England and the parliamentary system
The English King Charles I
Was an absolutist monarch
He needed to raise money
He summoned Parliament
An assembly
Of the kingdom's representatives
To increase taxes
It demanded restrictions
To the King's power
A civil war broke out (1642-1648)
Between the King's and Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
The king was executed
England became a republic
Its leader
Oliver Cromwell
Became a dictator
The monarchy
Was reinstated in England
In 1660
Parliament
Consisted of
The Puritan bourgeoisie
The Anglican nobles
King James II
Tried to reinstate Catholicism
There was another uprising
The Glorious Revolution (1680)
Expelled the king
Replaced him with
William III
A Dutch Protestant
Was willing to obey Parliament
He signed the Bill of Rights (1689)
Recognising
Parliament's authority
Private property
Restrictions to royal power
In Europe
Republics governed by a parliament
Had already been established
In Holland, Venice and Geneva
England
The first parliamentary monarchy
The king's power
Was restricted
The country was governed
By a parliament
English Parliament
Consisted of two groups
Who governed alternately
The House of Lords
Represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons
Acted in the name
Of the bourgeoisie
Became political parties
The conservatives
The liberals
Freedom of the press
Was respected
Voting system
Positions were allocated
It wasn't a democratic system
There only were allowed to participate
The nobles
The rich bourgeoisie
