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THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR - Coggle Diagram
THE THIRTY YEAR'S WAR
WHAT IS IT?
Took place 1618-1648
Caused by conflicts between
Catholics
Protestants
in the Holy Roman Empire
Gradually developed into
more general conflict
among the great powers in Europe
for European political domination
Main phases of the war
Protestant uprising in Bohemia.
group of Protestant nobles from Bohemia
expelled the Catholics
appointed a Protestant king
The Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire (Ferdinand II of the House of Habsburg) and also King of Bohemia
fought against them
Two sides were formed
Emperor's supporters
German Catholics
King of Spain
Portugal
Protestants and Germany
were defeated
The intervention of Denmark
To prevent a Catholic victory
Lutheran King of Denmark intervened, supported by England
the United Provinces (the northern Low Countries)
resumed their fight against Spain
The Protestants were defeated
signed the Surrender of Breda in 1626
Swedish participation
After defeating the Protestants in 1626
German Catholics took the Protestants' possession
The King of Sweden helped them
creating a greater balance of military power
a peace treaty was signed
religious persecution would be stopped
Protestant property would be returned
Sweden would gain more power in the area
France joined the conflict.
After the Surrender of Breda
Much more powerful
Spain
Holy Roman Empire
France was worried
Catholic state but formed an alliance with the Protestants
against the Catholic side
In 1643
Battle of Rocroi
French army defeated the Spanish troop
Peace of Westphalia in 1648
ending the Thirty Years' War
main consequences
The Spanish monarchy lost their dominance over Europe
The independence of the northern Low Countries was recognised
great trading and naval power
controlled the trade routes to Asia
The sovereignty of the German states was recognised
Religious tolerance and limits on the power held by the Emperor
were established
Sweden became the dominant state on the Baltic coast
France
obtained territories in the Holy Roman Empire
became the leading power in Europe
Did NOT end conflicts between
France
Spain
Weapons
more sophisticated
Musket
firearm that was fired with the gun barrel resting on a stand
thinner
easier to use
Main firearm, replacing the arquebus
For head-on combat
halberds
spear to stab
an axe to strike the enemy
against cavalry charges
long pikes
FRANCE AND ABSOLUTISM
absolute monarchies
all the power was held by the king
France became the example under King Louis XIV's rule
Characteristics King Louis XIV
The monarch held unrestricted power
He made the laws
he governed through decrees
large court of advisors who lived with King Louis XIV
in the luxurious Palace of Versailles
He increased the number of officials
secretaries of state
police
mayors (who represented the king in the provinces)
magistrates (judges)
He gave the administrative officials (BURGEOISIE)
professional status
He had a board of governors
consisting of ministers who acted under the orders of
a Prime Minister or Chancellor
He expanded the diplomatic corps
Extremely well organised professional army
access to better weapons
built defensive fortresses
He intervened in the economy
instigating the following developments for his own benefit
the introduction of duties
others
the creation of royal workshops
made the rules for other aspects of society
protocol
how people could dress
who could wear wigs
he banned anyone from wearing the same style of high heeled shoes as him
The punishment: death
he made high heels fashionable among noblemen
it symbolised superiority
supported by the Church
Absolute power considered a divine right
king was God’s representative
everyone was accountable to him
some thinkers considered it to be
the best possible political system
spread to the majority of the European state
Except
England
Holland
ENGLAND AND THE PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEM
The English King Charles I was an absolutist monarch
needed to raise money
he summoned Parliament
an assembly of the kingdom's representatives
to increase taxes
Parliament demanded restrictions to the King's powers
civil war broke out (1642-1648)
between
the King's
Parliament's supporters
Parliament was victorious
the King was executed
England became a republic
Its leader was Oliver Cromwell
became a dictator years later
The monarchy was reinstated in England in 1660
Parliament
consisted of
the Puritan bourgeoisie
Anglican nobles
King James II tried to reinstate Catholicism
another uprising
Glorious Revolution in 1680
expelled the King
replaced him with William III (a Dutch Protestant)
was willing to obey Parliament
In 1689
he signed the Bill of Rights
recognising
Parliament's authority
private property
restrictions to royal power
consisted of two group who governed alternately
later became political parties
The Conservatives
the Liberals
The House of Lords, who represented the higher nobility
The House of Commons acted in the name of the bourgeoisie
In Europe
republics governed by a parliament
Holland
Venice
Geneva
England was the first parliamentary monarchy
king's power was restricted
the country was governed by a parliament
Freedom of the press
respected
positions were allocated through a voting system
not a democratic system
only allowed to participe
the rich bourgeoisie
nobles
