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Approaches - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The pleasure principle
    - - The reality principle
    - - The morality principle
  - - - the unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts and impulses
      - secretly influence behaviour
    - - the refusal to accept reality
      - acting as if the traumatic event never happened
    - - redirection of thoughts
      - helpless victim or object
  - - - 0-2
      - mouth is the point of expression
    - - 2-3
      - main source of pleasure is defication
      - progression occurs with potty training
    - - 3-6 years
      - sexual energy is focused on the genitals
      - progress through this stage boys must form a healthy relationship with their fathers
        
        If stuck castration anxiety will be present
    - - 6-12
      - no progression required
    - - 12+
      - stage for rest of adult life
  - - - maat et al(2009) large scale review of psychotherapy studies concluded that psychoanalysis produced significant improvements in symptoms that were maintained after treatment.
      - first to propose psychological treatments for disorders
      - in literary criticism, characters can be explored in terms of their unconscious motivations, or as a projection of unconscious aspects of the author’s mind.
    - - Freud’s methodology meant that he was ignorant of women so based his findings of the psychodynamic approach on masculinity and referred to femininity as a failed attempt of masculinity
      - Culture Bias
        
        in China, a person who is depressed or anxious avoids distressing thoughts rather than being willing to openly discuss.
        
        sue and sue(2008) brought to the attention of the western world that different cultures have different coping methods as in the west we rely on the use of defense mechanisms whereas the chinese culture is reliant on being happy
- - - - Hagerty(1999) has shown the relationship between economic growth and measures of Maslow's need levels in 88 countries over 34 years
      - Harter et al(1996) discovered that teenagers who feel that they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain parents approval frequently end up disliking themselves
    - - esearch by Nevis(1983) into china found that belongingness needs were seen as more fundamental than physiological needs and that self actualisation was seen more in terms of community development rather than individual
      - critics argue people are not inherently good and growth orientated as the approach suggest, and the approach doesn’t adequately recognise people's capacity for permission
- - - - Someone must carry out the action to be learnt
      - Live models - parent, teacher etc
      - Symbolic model - portrayed by the media
    - - immitation of actions and behaviours
      - when a model is provide whole patterns of behaviour can be aquired
      - Key Determiments
        
        Characteristics
        
        ability to perform behaviour by observer
        
        consequnces
    - - the extent the individual feels similar to that person
      - Shutts et al children are more likely to identify to a model that they're similar to
    - - Bandura and Fletcher found that children who observed a model being rewarded for violent behaviour were likely to imitate behaviour
      - individuals learn the consequences of a action and adjust to it
  - - - 1/2 children were exposed to the agressive model other 50% to non aggressive
      - Agressive models beat the doll accompanied with verbal aggression such as "POW"
    - - those who observed the agressive model reproduced a good deal of physical and verbal abuse
      - 1/3 of children who were exposed to the agressive model reproduced verbal cues
  - - - akers (1978) the probability of someone engaging in criminality when exposed to it from a young age greatly increases
      - Fox and Bailson found greater evidence for the role of models leading to greater identification
    - - Problem of causality
      - Problems with complexity
- - - - Positive
        
        When a behaviour is satisfying for the organism
        
        when something good is added
      - Negative
        
        For Example 'turning off an alarm"
        
        Removing something unpleasant
    - - Positive
        
        Adding something unpleasant
      - Negative
        
        Removing a postive consequence
    - - Strenghts
        
        Reliance of experimental method
        
        Skinner Box
      - Weaknesses
        
        Animal Studies
        
        Pigeons and Rats
  - - - Strengths
        
        Treatments
        
        Systematic Desensitation
      - Weaknesses
        
        Other forms of learning
        
        Seligman (1970) - biological preparedness