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Stress - Coggle Diagram
Stress
psychosocial elements of chronic stress
sense of control
Rat A v. B study - sense of control reduced pathological signs of chronic stress
predictability of stressor
frustration outlets
dec frustration by playing, grooming = dec stress
social support
social rank
cort response varies by species
dominant male rats dec cort and inc T when stressed to a greater extent than subordinate rats
cort increases in both male and female dominant wild dogs and mongooses
social stability
stable versus variable
early experiences
ex. type of maternal care for dealing with stress later on
twin stressors
lower heart rate if active or passive in learning activities
engages parasympathetic system
animal models to study stress
restraint
forced swim
cold exposure
dominance hierarchies ("subordination stress")
predator
fear conditioning
chronic variable stress
stressor
disrupts homeostasis; has arousing effect on body; induces stress response
psychological
giving a speech
physical
long-term exposure to cold
stress response is heart rate, glucose levels
acute stress
ADAPTIVE
inc immediate availability of energy
blood to muscles
inc oxygen intake
dec blood flow to areas not necessary for movement
inhibition of energetically expensive processes not related to immediate survival
growth, digestion, immune function, reproduction
immune - restraint stress in rodents enhanced immune function UNLESS ADRENALECTOMIZED
dec pain perception
enhancement of sensory function and memory
minutes to hours
chronic stress
PATHOLOGICAL
signs
growth of peptic ulcers
hypertrophy of adrenal glands
atrophy of thymus, spleen, and lymph nodes
memory, other cognitive functions
slower healing - inc risk of infection
damage to nervous system; to test:
volume of brain area
number, shapes, arbors of dendritic spines/branching
cell body volume if looking at neurotoxicity
days to months, months to years
chronic stress and/or treatment with elevated CORT results in
changes in dendritic morphology
reduced spine density of hippocampal neurons
reduced hippocampal blood flow
hippocampal atrophy
long term cortisol release damages hippocampal neurons
not inhibiting cortisol release, so cort keeps releasing
keep damaging hippocampus - specifically the cells that turn off the release of cort
ppl
hans selye
bad at handling animals but discovered
__
walter cannon
homeostasis
connection with epinephrine response
stress response
fast acting
sympathetic
parasympathetic
epinephrine
slow acting
HPA axis
CRH in hypothal-->
ACTH in anterior pituitary-->
CORTISOL in adrenal cortex
cort, ACTH, etc.
cortisol
maintains BP
regulates cardiovascular function
increases blood glucose
inhibits insulin secretion
regulates metabolism
suppresses immune response
suppresses inflammation
