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Rhinitis image, Disorders of the Nose - Coggle Diagram
Rhinitis
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Causes
Environmental or occupational irritants. Dust, smog, secondhand smoke or strong odors, such as perfumes, can trigger nonallergic rhinitis. Chemical fumes, such as those you might be exposed to in certain occupations, also can be to blame.
Weather changes. Temperature or humidity changes can trigger the membranes inside your nose to swell and cause a runny or stuffy nose.
Infections. Viral infections such as a cold or the flu commonly cause nonallergic rhinitis
Foods and beverages. Nonallergic rhinitis can occur when you eat, especially when eating hot or spicy foods. Drinking alcoholic beverages also can cause the membranes inside your nose to swell, leading to nasal congestion.
Certain medications. Medications that can cause nonallergic rhinitis include aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers.
Symptoms
Mucus in the throat
Sneezing
Coughing
If you have nonallergic rhinitis, you probably have symptoms that come and go year-round. Signs and symptoms of nonallergic rhinitis might include:
Stuffy or runny nose
Nursing interventions
Identification of the allergen. Identification and elimination is easiest for dust mite allergens; pollen is more difficult to avoid because daily activities must be altered to do so; an easy intervention is to keep the windows closed, which is easily accomplished in air-conditioned homes and must be done throughout the year.
Use of nasal sprays. Teach the patient and parents on how to use nasal sprays by blowing the nose first then administering the medication.
Encourage thorough cleaning of the house. Encourage a routine cleaning of the house, furniture, and equipment which may house dust and other pollens.
Encourage medication compliance. Administer pharmacologic treatment as ordered by the physician.
Pathophysiology
Antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells in the mucosal surface, process allergens and present some peptides from allergens on the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecu
This MHC class II molecule and antigen complex take a role as the ligand of T-cell receptors on Naive CD4+ T cells, which result in differentiation of Naive CD4+ T cells to allergen-specific Th2 cell. Activated Th2 cells secret several cytokines, which induce isotype switching of B cells to produce specific IgE and proliferation of eosinophils, mast cells and neutrophil
Produced antigen-specific IgE binds to high-affinity IgE receptors on mast cells or basophils.
Nursing diagnosis
Ineffective airway clearance related to obstruction or presence of thickened secretions
Disturbed sleep pattern related to obstruction of the nose.
Self-concept disturbance related to the condition.Anxiety related to lack of knowledge about the disease and medical action procedure.
Referrnces
Lieberman PL. Chronic nonallergic rhinitis.
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/search
. Accessed Dec. 17, 2020.
Nonallergic rhinitis. Merck Manual Professional Version.
https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/nose-and-paranasal-sinus-disorders/nonallergic-rhinitis#
. Accessed Dec. 17, 2020
Sur DKC, et al. Chronic nonallergic rhinitis. American Family Physician. 2018;98:171.
https://www.aafp.org/afp/2018/0801/p171.html
. Accessed Dec. 19, 2020.
Definition
is when a reaction occurs that causes nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itching
Irritation and swelling of the mucous membrane in the nose.
Disorders of the Nose