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biomolecules: cell structures - Coggle Diagram
biomolecules: cell structures
nuclear region
nucleus
largest organelle
houses genetic material: DNA organised into chromosomes
double membrane, outer membrane continuous with ER
nuclear pores
allow exchange of substances in and out of nucleus
in: nucleotides, ribosomal proteins, gene expression regulation hormones
out: mRNA, tRNA, ribosomal subunits
nucleolus
dense region of parts of DNA that code for rRNA
site of assembly of ribosomal subunits
ribosomes
manufacture proteins
bound: proteins for insertion into membrane, packaging within organelles or export from cell
free: proteins for use in cytoplasm or transported to organelles
endoplasmic reticulum
RER
studded with ribosomes
site of protein synthesis --> formed proteins enter cisternal space and fold into natural configuration
secretory proteins
membrane proteins
SER
site of steroid and lipid synthesis
detoxification
metabolism of carbohydrates
golgi apparatus
stacks of curved flattened membrane (cisternae)
cis face: facing nucleus --> receives materials from transport vesicles budding off from ER
trans face: facing cell membrane --> packages molecules in vesicles and transport out of GA
chemically modifies synthesised substances
dehydrates proteins
emulsify lipids
glycolysation
modification of glycoprotein carb chain
secretion and synthesis of polysacc in plant cells
formation of lysosome in animal cell
temporary storage
lysosomes
vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes
phagocytosis: fuse with vesicle containing foreign material
autophagy: fuse with organelle, digest
autolysis: release enzymes into cell, destroy cell
digestion of other cells: release enzymes out of cytoplasm
energy production
mitochondria
*double membrane that is selectively permeable
site of aerobic cellular respiration
site of synthesis of ATP and energy carrier molecules
*has its own DNA
chloroplasts
trap light energy and convert to chemical energy in the form of organic compounds
*double membrane
cytoskeleton
network of fibres throughout cytoplasm for support and cell movement
provide mechanical support to cell and maintain its shape
centrioles and centrosome
organises spindle microtubule assembly in animal cells during cell division --> proper segregration of chromosomes btw parent and daughter
centrosome is region where two centrioles are found
centrioles come in pairs at right angles to each other
only animal cells