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Congenital conditions - Coggle Diagram
Congenital conditions
Hydrocephalus
The word 'hydrocephalus' means water on the brain, and the condition is due to the accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)in the ventricles of the brain, it usually affects babies
Pathophysiology
In hydrocephalus the CSF accumulate within the cranial cavity ventricles of the brain, causing an increase in pressure in the cranial cavity
Causes
bleeding inside the brain – for example, if blood leaks over the surface of the brain
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Clinical manifestations
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In children, poor feeding may occur
Nursing management
Preventing injury. At least every 2 to 4 hours, monitor the newborn’s level of consciousness
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reposition the newborn at least every 2 hours, as permitted; inspect the dressings over the shunt site immediately after the surgery, every hour for the first 3 to 4 hours, and then at least every 4 hours.
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Cerebral palsy
Is a non progressive neurological disorder that is present from birth and usually involves motor function
Pathophysiology
Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders that affect movement and muscle tone or posture. It's caused by damage that occurs to the immature, developing brain, most often before birth. Signs and symptoms appear during infancy or preschool years.
Causes
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head injuries as a result of a car accident, fall, or child abuse
ntracranial hemorrhage, or bleeding into the brain
brain infections, such as encephalitis and meningitis
, or a lack of oxygen to the brain during labor and delivery
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Clinical manifestations
delays in reaching motor skill milestones, such as rolling over, sitting up alone, or crawling
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variations in muscle tone, such as being too floppy or too stiff
spasticity, or stiff muscles and exaggerated reflexes
ataxia, or a lack of muscle coordination
favoring one side of the body, such as reaching with one hand
neurological issues, such as seizures, intellectual disabilities, and blindness
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Anencephaly
This is a severe defects in which the vault of the skull and the cerebral hemispheres fair to develop during the embryonic stage
Pathophysiology
Anencephaly results from failure of neural tube closure at the cranial end of the developing embryo. Absence of the brain and calvaria may be partial or complete. Most cases of anencephaly follow a multifactorial pattern of inheritance, with interaction of multiple genes as well as environmental factors
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Nursing management
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Include in the diet foods that are rich in folic acid (cereal, white bread, cooked okra, juice and etc).
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Encephalocele
Definition
The meninges and sometimes parts of the brain protrude through a defect in the back of the skull. If brain tissue has protruded, the condition is incompatible with normal life
Pathophysiology
Encephalocele happens when the neural tube does not close completely during pregnancy. The result is an opening anywhere along the center of the skull from the nose to the back of the neck, but most often at the back of the head (pictured), at the top of the head, or between the forehead and the nose
Causes
The exact cause of encephalocele is unknown. It a type of neural tube defect, meaning that the neural tube — a narrow channel that should close during early gestation to form the brain and spinal cord — does not close properly.
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