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Explanations for Resistance - Coggle Diagram
Explanations for Resistance
Locus of Control A01
Internal
Confident in own opinion
More control
Able to resist social influence more easily.
Believes they are responsible for the events and behaviour in their lives
External
Affected more by actions of the group
Believes external events cause the behaviour and experiences in their lives and it is out of their control.
Less likely to exercise control over a situation so is more likely to be persuaded by social influence.
Rotter
23 Questions
High score - internal LOC
Low score - external LOC
Dispositional explanation
Social Support A01
Situational Explanation
Asch - presence of another non-conformist confederate lowered overall conformity on 'lines' task.
Milgram - obedience dropped from 65% to 10% when teacher was joined by another disobedient confederate.
If there is a non-conforming confederate or friend, this is social support and can help an individual resist social influence.
Locus of Control A03
NSI not ISI
Spector 1983 - measured LOC and predisposition to NSI and ISI in 157 undergraduate students.
Significant correlation between LOC and NSI, external LOC more likely to conform to this than internal LOC.
Found no such relationship with ISI and LOC, so external LOC would be more likely to conform to NSI but not necessarily to ISI.
More external
Research towards a historical trend in LOC, with young people becoming increasingly external.
Twenge et al 2004 - Meta-analysis, young Americans increasingly believe fate determined by luck and powerful others rather than own actions.
Researchers found LOC scores had become substantially more external in students between 1960 and 2002.
Research Support
Avtgis 1998 - Meta-analysis of studies of relationship between LOC and forms of social influence including conformity.
Showed significant positive correlation in the relationship between scores of internal/external and scores on measures of persuasion, social influence and conformity.
Showed individuals who scored higher on external LOC tend to be more easily persuaded, influenced and conform more than those with internal LOC.
Social Support A03
Response order
Allen and Levine 1969 - studied whether response position of the person providing SS made a difference to a participant resisting SI.
Condition 1 - confederate answered first giving right answer, other confederates gave same wrong answer. Participant always answered 5th.
Condition 2 - Confederate answered 4th, after other confederates. Support was significantly more effective in condition 1 than 2.
Research Support
Rees and Wallace 2015 - social support provided by friends helped teenagers resist conformity pressures from majority.
Individuals with a majority of friends drinking alcohol were more likely to engage in drunkenness and binge drinking over the previous 12 months.
Found individuals were able to resist pressures to drink alcohol if they had a friend or two who also resisted.
Real World
Rosenstrasse protest is illustration of Milgram's research in real life.
1943 - group of German women protested in Rosenstrasse, Berlin, where Gestapo (Nazi secret police) were holding 2000 Jewish men who married non-Jewish partners or were male children of 'mixed marriages'.
Gestapo threatened to open fire, but women prevailed and Jews were released, they were given courage by their peers also refusing to back down.