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How the validity of someone’s beliefs is tested in Model II Part A,…

- - - - AS, 38-9 - The goals of the process must be to: ////// learn to generate directly observable data, infer theories-in-use, alter theories-in-use, and test new theories of action.
      - AS, 39 - Effective conditions for the process:
        These goals must be pursued in an atmosphere that allows the individual to reveal his behavior to himself and others with minimal conscious distortion, which would occur if the individual felt defensive; the model-constructing process should be free of questions that could be answered with generalizations drawn from espoused theory and should focus instead on directly observable behavior.
      - AS, 40 - abstractions are of little help
        in constructing a theory-in-use.
      - AS - The group is crucial - without it group learning becomes less likely
        42 - Putting on best behavior: "behavior is sensed to be forced, which creates a condition of low trust"
- - - - 17 - HOW: If leaders are to act consistently with the values of valid information and respect they need to be able to involve others in detecting and checking each other's key beliefs. Key beliefs are those that will get us into trouble if they are wrong. For example, beliefs about others' motives, about the causes of a problem and about how to solve it, are all likely to be important
      - Rob, 2021, 652 - Referencing their study's focus:
        For us, quality is indicated by the extent to which, at any stage of a problem-solving conversation, leaders check rather than assume the validity of their key beliefs about the nature and resolution of their importance on the job problems.
- - - - Definitely disclosed, tested, and evaluated information
        
        reasoning
        
        provide examples
        
        hypotheses
        
        seek feedback/ disconfirmation
    - - listen deeply
        
        sahre control of conversation
        
        using inclusive language
  - - - assuming validity
        
        pursuing the relationship
    - - unilateral decisions
        
        plan privately?