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Spain: dictatorship and democracy - Coggle Diagram
Spain: dictatorship and democracy
The dictatorship of Primo Rivera
1923
Miguel Primo de Rivera led a military coup and established a right- wing dictatorship
Alfonso XIII accepted the dictatorship
Domestic policy
official party of the dictatorship
Patriotic Union
objective
re-establish order eradicating
nationalism
suppressing demonstrations
terrorism
The economy
build large public works to create employment
roads
ports
hydroelectric power stations
railways
reservoirs and canals
State monopolies
Compañía Telefónica (1924)
CAMPSA (1927)
Foreign policy
definitive victory in the war in Morocco
after victory of Spanish troops at Alhucemas in 1925
first time in history
the air force, navy and ground troops
staged a coordinated attack
increased the dictatorship's prestige
Primo de Rivera was named president of the government
supported by almost all of the social sectors
business owners, the church and the army
believed it would restore order
socialist trade unions
believed he would introduce social and labour reforms
1928 onwards
dictatorship faced growing opposition
from the army
new promotion system
based on merit rather than seniority
Political parties
wanted to restore a parliamentary system
economic crisis of 1929
caused
unemployment
social unrest
the king withdrew his support for the dictator
January 1930
Primo de Rivera resigned
constitutional monarchy was restored
The Second Spanish Republic
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
elections
centre-right parties won
establishing a conservative government
Alejandro Lerroux new head of government
support of the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
led by Gil Robles
suspended the reforms made by the previous government
PSOE and the PCE
organised a general strike in October 1934
failed all across Spain, apart from in
Asturias
social revolution
miners
proclaimed a revolutionary government
took control of the coalfields
end
troops led by General Francisco Franco
forcefully suppressed the movement
Cataluña
political revolution
Lluis Companys
proclaimed a Catalan state
end
statute of autonomy was removed
The Popular Front (1936)
Popular Front
won the elections in February 1936
Manuel Azaña became the president of the Republic
Casares Quiroga became head of the government
agricultural reforms were resumed
statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
government reforms
provoked violent clashes between
anarchists and communists
falangists
The left-wing or reformist biennium (1931–1933)
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
named president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña
head of the government
new Constitution (1931)
one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe with extensive citizens' rights
significant reforms
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
process of autonomy was begun for
Pais Vasco
Galicia
right-wing politicians
considered this as an attack on the integrity of Spain
Agricultural reform
large agricultural estates were expropriated
divided among landless peasants
landowners opposed
its slow implementation
discontent among the rural working class
Military reforms
reduced number of army officers
promotion based on academic qualifications rather than military achievements
aim
reduce the political power of the army
military leaders
opposed this change
Labour reforms
Law of Labour Contracts
forced business owners
to negotiate working conditions with the trade unions
eight-hour working day
minimum wage
paid holidays
Business owners opposed
Educational reforms
secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system was established
Pedagogical missions
aim of taking culture to rural areas
The church
felt the reform as an attack on Catholicism
discontent in extreme right-wing
attempted military coup in 1932
failed
1933
confrontations in Casas Viejas, Cádiz
peasants were killed by security forces
Manuel Azaña resigned as head of government
The Spanish Civil war
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
17 July 1936
most conservative section of the army rebelled in Morocco
18 July 1936
the rebellion spread to the peninsula
led by Emilio Mola, José Sanjurjo and Francisco Franco
aims of the revelion
end public disorder
fear of a working class revolution in Spain
end left-wing government reforms
there was discontented
end the Republic
re-establish the political and social order
The development of the war
fronts moves according to military objectives
March to Madrid
Nationalists
tried to occupy Madrid
defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
Northern campaign
Francos objective
Asturias
Pais Vasco
Cantabria
main industrial areas of Spain
Guernica
bombed in 1937 by the Condor Legion
Battle of the Ebro
Republicans began the battle
to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle
end of the war
in March
Nationalist army took Madrid and on 1 April 1939
The consequences of the civil war
Economical
economic losses
destruction of
transport
industrial areas
infrastructure
houses
Agricultural and industrial production fell by 25%
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died
half a million republicans were exiled
Political
authoritarian regime
wanted annihilation of Republicans
Cultural
ideological repression
through education and culture
Many teachers were dismissed
intellectuals were assassinated or exiled
