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politics paper 3 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - significance
        
        significance economically
        
        major economies are those of nation-states such as China, USA, Germany, BRICS countries
        
        IGO - Bretton Wood Institutions dominated by USA
        
        developed states like the USA + China have huge economic reach
        
        USA has huge soft power in terms of economic/cultural influence
        
        states control fiscal policy
        
        TNCs have become dominant globally and impact sovereignty of developing nation states - race to the bottom
        
        states cannot isolate themselves from impact of global economic crises
        
        use of economic sanctions considered a major deterrent - prevent states acting in own interest
        
        significance military/security
        
        no global military force - states control own military + investment in military
        
        states pursue own foreign policy
        
        EU has no military - reliant on member states
        
        Iraq war - action carried out by small alliance
        
        China - South China Sea - military actions pursuing national interest
        
        US dominate NATO
        
        NATO - many EU countries have become reliant on US military might - spending less than 2% of GDP - Germany
        
        NATO acts collectively when dealing with conflicts
        
        Afghanistan, Libya
        
        significance culturally
        
        global homogeneous culture following US culture
        
        coca-colonisation
        
        glocalisation
        
        identity politics - rise in population, nationalism, religious fundamentalism
        
        Non-Western cultures increase influence - national culture - Far East - Kpop - India - Bollywood, food
        
        glocalisation - nation states put own spin on American culture
        
        spread + influence of internet has helped cultivate American culture + western attitudes - Arab Spring
        
        Global brands dominated by US - google, maccies, Nike
        
        significance politically
        
        states engage with IGOs because it's in their interests
        
        states are not compelled to do anything not in their interests
        
        no international law enforcement so international law is weak
        
        ICC has limited jurisdiction over major powers - such as USA, China, Russia
        
        UK breaking international law in limited and specific way
        
        no systems to enforce international law
        
        nation states can leave international treaties - US left Paris agreement - withdrew fro TTP
        
        supernational regional organisations such as EU has significant legal powers to enforce law across member state, even when not in best interest
        
        Russian invasion has united global powers - actions have left Russia isolated
        
        other countries isolated are Iran + North Korea due to political decisions by nation states
        
        IGOs dominate global governance - requiring nation state engagement
      - characteristics
        
        nation
        
        self-identifying community that doesn't neccessarily have sovereginty
        
        not neccessarily recognised by the international community
        
        not neccessarily possessing a state - Kurds
        
        defined territory not needed
        
        nations can live in more than one states
        
        state
        
        political entity with sovereignty
        
        recognised by the international community
        
        could contain more than one nation or community such as the UK
        
        defined territory needed
        
        states cannot cross the boundaries into other states
      - development
        
        Westphalian State System - each individual state would become sovereign over its internal affairs
        
        Congress of Vienna - brings an end to Napoleonic wars and reasserted primacy of sovereign states
        
        1918 Woodrow Wilson - 14 points - nation state's sovereignty isbased on self determination
        
        Montevideo Conference 1933 - nation state must possess a defined territory, permanent population, viable govt, capacity to enter diplomatic relations with other states
        
        UN Charter 1945 - states with common identity - Article 2 all states retain sovereinty
    - - internal
        
        Parliament possesses legislative sovereignty - however Scottish and Welsh assemblies may be in the process of achieving de facto sovereignty
        
        Brexit referendum suggest that popular sovereignty weighs more than legislative sovereignty as parliament was unprepared to ignore the vote
        
        essentially where absolute power lies within a state
        
        Brexit will change the location of sovereignty in the UK
        
        in certain circumstances the PM exercises sovereignty on behalf of the monarch through the royal prerogative
        
        can be a fluid concept as within the state the concept of sovereignty may change - 2017 SC determined that parliament not govt had the sovereign authority to trigger article 50
      - external
        
        all states are equally sovereign in relations with each other
        
        least powerful state is a sovereign as the mos powerful state and so its territorial integrity is as legally valid
        
        cover of sovereignty is an equally strong protective cover for all states
        
        according to Westphalian principles, one state may disagree with the way in which another is governed but as the possess sovereign independence they have no right to interfere
        
        Article 2 of Chapter 1 of UN Charter recognises the idea that a nation state is sovereign
  - - - complex web of interconnectedness
        
        countries
        
        institutions
        
        culture
    - - debate between hyperglobalists, sceptics, and transformationalists, including realist and liberal views
      - extent to which impact of globalisation has been exaggerated
        
        economic
        
        nature
        
        role of TNC increasing within states
        
        increases in materialism
        
        race to the bottom - deregulation; low taxes; removal of rights
        
        greater inter-connectivity
        
        exaggerated
        
        offers greater benefit to quality of life within a state
        
        reducing poverty
        
        in theory greater stability
        
        not
        
        influence of TNC shaping policy particularly in developing states
        
        global financial crash - Subprimes and Grexit
        
        greater inequality particularly in developing + since 2010 in developed states - such as USA
        
        political
        
        nature
        
        pooling sovereignty in regional/global IGOs
        
        increased influence of NGOs
        
        human rights + international laws
        
        exaggerated
        
        decision making in areas remains with the nation state - human rights; international law
        
        policy formation
        
        states have power to have, join, and remain in IGOs
        
        not
        
        feeling of helplessness + loss of control within the state has led to backlashes against globalisation (Trump, Brexit)
        
        rise of nationalism/populism in developed world
        
        identity politics
        
        cultural
        
        nature
        
        monoculture - Americanisation
        
        internet
        
        materialism - coca-colonisation
        
        exaggerated
        
        glocalisation - states adapting and creating distinct variations
        
        greater diversity -China, India, Germany soft power
        
        not
        
        risk of nationalism seen as rejection of global monoculture
        
        Putin-Russia
        
        populism - Trump - America 1st
      - globalisation of markets
        
        regional IGOs
        
        the EU - political - pooled sovereignty, members accept some limitations in exchange for benefits
        
        North American Free Trade Agreement - economic - free trade between canada, usa and mexico
        
        global IGOs
        
        World Bank - economic - part of 44 Bretton Woods Agreement - partly responsible for ensuring Structural Adjustment Programs are adhered to
        
        G20 - military - worlds leading 20 economies work together on collective security
        
        UN - political - 1945, liberal principle of community working together
        
        World Health Organisation - social - responsible for eradication of smallpox, responds to epidemics
        
        internet
        
        social media
        
        celebrity culture
        
        NGOs
        
        Amnesty - human rights and lobbying
        
        greenpeace
    - - dominant global culture
        
        A McWorld culture has developed in which everyone everywhere craves materialistic fulfilment - mostly American
        
        Nandos - South African - one of fastest growing restaurant chains
        
        globalisation advances ultimately unfullfilling consumerism and the instant gratification of social mdia create a cultural void based on greed and narcissism
        
        English has become the language of globalisation thanks to American domination
        
        global dominance of brands and a desire to emulate US standards of dress, foo, entertainment etc has led to a dilution of distinct cultures
      - global backlash
        
        rise of UKIP and Brexit indicates nationalim
        
        success of Putin in Russia over the past 20 years has pushed Slavic pride and moral conservatism
        
        Hungary Orban has gained appeal through Christianity
        
        America 1st in US
        
        Islamic fundamentalism - pushed by western invasions following 9/11
      - global diversity
        
        Bollywood
        
        glocalisation - tikka masala
        
        success of ManU and Real Madrid globally
        
        greater media choices - scandi noir and anime
        
        canadian lobster brugers
    - - role of the liberal state
        
        weakens human rights
        
        creates inconsistently between states
      - role of international law
        
        UDHR - no power to enforce
        
        create a consistent + unversal system globally - ECHR enfoces EConHR; enshrined in many state's laws; rulings can be ignored
        
        UN comission for human rights
        
        ICC focusing on war crimes - not accepted by China, Russia or USA
      - interventions
        
        against Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990
        
        1992 Somalia to stave off famine
        
        Serbia 1995
  - - - better economy = higher inequality
- - - - international law is not codified but exists as
        
        treaties
        
        international custom - such as diplomatic immunity
        
        generally recognised national laws
        
        judicial decisions
        
        legal writings
      - International Court of Justice (ICJ)
        
        founded in 945 as the main organ of the UN
        
        adjudicates on disputes between UN memer states
      - International Criminal Court (ICC)
        
        not part of the UN
        
        investigates war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity
        
        replaces ad hoc tribunals
        
        set up by 1998 Rome Statute, came into force in 2002 to work alongside national courts
        
        court of last requirement
        
        USA, China, India, Israel and others not signed up
        
        accused of colonialism as has only put out arrest warrants leading to Gambia and others withdrawing in 2016
      - UN tribunals
        
        two notable ones - following Yugoslavia 93 and Rwanda 94
      - ECHR
        
        has 47 member states - Belarus not signed up
        
        based in Strasbourg
        
        court of last resort for individuals or groups that feel their rights have been breached may appeal after all other legal avenues have been tried
        
        can't directly enforce rulings, but all signatory states agree to uphold rulings
    - - Nuremberg trials and Tokyo Trials - tribunals after WWII which set the precedent that some crimes were so abhorrent they can be punished even if they weren't a crime at the time
      - 1948 UDHR set out rights applicable to all human beings - first time people from many cultures agreed on fundamental rights
      - not binding but has underpined human rights developments around the world
      - Saudi Arabia not signed up
    - - impact on state sovereignty
        
        right of state to determine own policies is at the heart of what it means to be a state
      - rise of humanitarian interventions and growth in 90s, with examples of successful and unsuccessful intervention
        
        demise of Soviet Union and decline of Russia as a global power meant that the UN Security Council was able to sanction humanitarian interventions
        
        failed UN interventions - Srebrenica 1995, Somalia 1994 - however Sierra Leone 1999-2005 successful peace deal
      - reasons for selective interventionism, development of responsibility to protect and conflict with state sovereignty
        
        Syrian Civil War
        
        domestic pressures - citizens don't care
        
        imposing western values? Afghanistan
        
        2003 Iraq invasion for US to get oil
        
        situation may be further destabilised such as the overthrow of Gaddafi of Libya 2011 NATO
        
        doctrine of Right 2 Protect since 2005 - state sovereignty is responsibility to protect citizens, if a state fails to do so then this responsibility falls on the international community - state sovereignty comes with responsibilities
      - alleged Western double standards/hypocrisy
        
        US criticised during Cold War for overthrowing democratically elected commies
        
        USA 'enhanced interogation techniques' at Guantanamo Bay - torture
        
        UK selling arms to Saudi Arabia used against Yemeni civilians
        
        UK selling arms to Bahrain
        
        UK silence over Chinese human rights abuses as China is an economic superpower
  - - - parites have to make national inventories of CO2 emissions sources and possible sinks
      - at 1997 Kyoyo summit 181 signatory states were required to freeze CO2 emissions at 1990 levels from 2000 onwards - paved the way for legally binding emissions targets
      - requirements on states were determined on basis of 'common but differentiated responsibilities and capabilities - developing states not expected to reduce emissions
      - did not account for emissions byb developing states rapidly increasing
      - rules and requirements not legally binding
    - - created 4 years UNFCCC by the UN and WMO and the UNEP
    - - provides impartial information and advice about climate change to decision-makers and interested organisations and groups
      - panel consists of leading climate-change scientists looking at the physical science basis of climate change, climate change impacts adaptation and vulnerability, mitigation of climate change
      - panel makes regular reports - assessment reports, which assess the risks the risks of climate change
      - influences policy making on, and understanding climate change. it established
      - criticised for reliance on already published reports, new reports may be years out of date
      - accused of scaremongering - making predictions that do not hold up to scrutiny - 2014 Assessment report claimed a risk of death, injury, and disrupted livelihoods in coastal zones due to sea levels rising
  - - - shallow vs deep-green ecology
        
        shallow greens - at one end of the spectrum, shallow green ecologists aim to reconcile the interests of humans with the environment while still allowing for economic growth
      - sustainable development and tragedy of the commons
    - - sovereignty
      - developed/developing division and disagreement over responsibility and measurement
- - - - prisoner dilemma - will always rat out the other for a plea deal
  - - - negative and fixed
      - positive and malleable
    - - all states are unitary actors with the same interests (billiard ball model)
      - securtiy dilemma - arms race,
      - inevitability of conflict only avoided by balance of power (USA/Russia or global hegemony USA dominance)
      - assume anarchy exist but argue a rules based system is possible and better
      - states have incentive to cooperate as this benefits all Rousseau
      - states should act amorally
    - - always try to maximise power because power means security
    - - state is important
      - state should give up sovereignty
    - - realists against
      - liberals for
- - - - role
      - significance
      - strengths
      - weaknesses
    - - role
      - significance
      - strengths
      - weaknesses
    - - role
      - significance
      - strengths
      - weaknesses
    - - role
      - significance
      - strengths
      - weaknesses
    - - role
      - significance
      - strengths
      - weaknesses
    - - North/South divide
      - world-systems theory
      - dependency
      - orthodox and alternative measurements of poverty
      - classical economic development theory
      - structural theory
      - neo-classical development theory
  - - - SAPs
      - global economic crisis
- - - - Congo
        
        internal factors
        
        characterised by civil war, brought about end of President Mobutu See Seko's dictatorship in 1996
        
        deep seated corruption both in authority and militias
        
        civil war, corruption, militia groups using the black market
        
        lack of infrastructure and development, lacked amenities needed to benefit from harnessing natural resources
        
        external factors
        
        tumultuous relationship with neighbours in a historically unstable area, borders both Uganda and Rwanda
        
        rape used as a widespread weapon of war, massive recruitment of child soldiers
        
        ethnic and provincial divides exacerbated by Belgian colonial rule
        
        colonial powers and brutal dictatorships expploited natural resources
      - loss of control of a state's territory
      - a government has lost legitimacy and lacks the authority to make collective decisions
      - inability to provide basic services to citizens , relying on foreign aid
      - inability to interact with other states as a full member of the international community - Rwanda, Eritrea, Somalia
    - - advantages
        
        democracy is the only means by which political development within the wider population can take place as it gives 'power to the people'. without political empowerment - lack of civic responsibility
        
        democracy goes hand in hand with liberal values and freedoms - according to Fukayama brings us to the 'end of history' as the ideal form of government
        
        democracy complements capitalism and free trade - also a significant factor in economic development - most leading economic powers are democratic as feed idea of individualism
        
        democracies bring peace and stability to international system - better at multilateral cooperation - since democracy has become defining system of political rule, no two democratic states have declared war on each other
        
        democratic govts held to account, more transparent - essential to upholding human rights, human rights breaches tend to be reported and punished
      - disadvantages
        
        bening dictator can be beneficial for new or undeveloped countries - strong leadership
        
        unsustainable if implemented too early - Moyo argues states first need a strong economy before they can implement a successful democracy
        
        developing countries often benefit from protectionist policies (requiring strong leadership and control) to stabilise economic growth
        
        western liberals assume democracy always the best - China is a one party rule, set to takeover the USAas world's biggest economy
      - defined as
        
        free and fair
        
        free from intimidation (secret ballot)
        
        count each person's vote the same
        
        have a choice of candidates/parties representing the ranges of interests and ideas in society
      - abide by the rule of law, citizens have various rights and freedoms that the state cannot interfere with
    - - missing an aspect of democracy
      - Russia does not have free and fair elections
    - - missing fundamental aspects of democracy, free and fair elections mostly, but retain some aspects of a democracy - China
    - - ruled by a single person or body - Saudi Arabia; Hitler and Mussolini. ban opposition parties and suppress protest; may be associated with a political party but this generally is as cronyism and lacks accountability
    - - considered a pariah by the international community
      - Bush considered Iraq, Iran, and N.Korea to be 'an axis of evil'
    - - inspired by Kant, Paine said that the increasing number of democracies is an oppurtunity for peace and cooperation