Dry AMD causes changes of the retinal pigment epithelium, typically visible as dark pinpoint areas. The retinal pigment epithelium plays a critical role in keeping the cones and rods healthy and functioning well. Accumulation of waste products from the rods and cones can result in drusen, which appear as yellow spots. Areas of chorioretinal atrophy (referred to as geographic atrophy) occur in more advanced cases of dry AMD. There is no elevated macular scar (disciform scar), edema, hemorrhage, or exudation.

Wet AMD occurs when new abnormal blood vessels develop under the retina in a process called choroidal neovascularization (abnormal new vessel formation). Localized macular edema or hemorrhage may elevate an area of the macula or cause a localized retinal pigment epithelial detachment. Eventually, untreated neovascularization causes a disciform scar under the macula.

Disturbed sensory perception may be related to age related ocular changes as evidence by distortion of central vision

Disturbed sensory perception may be related to distortion of central vision possibly evidence by macular degeneration

Patient will be able to deal with potential for permanent visual loss.

Patient will be able to regain vision to the maximum possible extent with surgical procedure.

Patient will be able to verbalize understanding of visual loss and diseases of eyes.

Patient will regain optimal vision possible and will adapt to permanent visual changes

Assess the patient’s ability to see and perform activities.

Rationale: Provides a baseline for determination of changes affecting the patient’s visual acuity.

Patient will be able to use adaptive devices to compensate for visual loss.

Patient will be compliant with instructions given, and will be able to notify physician for emergency symptoms.

Encourage patient to see an ophthalmologist at least yearly.

Rationale: Can monitor progressive visual loss or complications. Decreases in visual acuity can increase confusion in the elderly patient.

Provide large print objects and visual aids for teaching.

Rationale:Assists patient to see larger print and promotes a sense of independence.