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Disorders of the eye - Coggle Diagram
Disorders of the eye
Cataract
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Phathophysiology
-congenital
-hereditary
-age related
-ocular inflammation
-disorders like diabetes
-excessive exposure to sunlight
-excessive smoking
-poor nutrition
Clinical manifestations
-clouded dim vision
-double vision on single eye
-difficultly with vision at night
-sensetivity to light
-fading and yellowing of colours
Management
Nursing management
-administer dilating drops
-decrease light in rooms
-encourage eye hygiene
-analgesics for pain
-spectacles lens glasses for better vision
Surgical management
- topical anaesthesia instilling a local drop into the eye
-general anaesthesic done in children because they can not lie still
- removal of the lens can be done by extracapsular cataract extraction
Glaucoma :
Definition
Group of conditions that affect the optic nerve . Classified as primary, secondary and congenital glaucoma
Phathophysiology
-family history of glaucoma
-the rise in traocular pressure, raised pressure damages the optic nerve
- damaged optic nerve fails to carry visual information to the brain and this results to loss of vision
-reduced blood flow to the optic nerve
-high blood pressure
Clinical manifestations
- sudden blurred vision
-severe eye pain
- nausea and vomiting
-redness of the eye
-itching of the eye
Management
-keep pressure low to prevent further damage
- complicate with treatment
- use drug therapy accordingly for open angle , cholinergic agents for closed angle type innitiate hyperosmotic agent
- for closed angle type innitiate hyperosmotic agent ,topical cholinergic agent
- surgical iredectomy
Anophthalmia
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Phathophysiology
-neuroectoderm of the primary optic vesicle fails to develop properly from the anterior neural plate of the neural tube during embryological development
-drug and viruses
-genetic mutation and abnormal chromosomes
-chemicals ,toxins and pesticides
Clinical manifestations
-seizures
-delayed development of motor skills
-mild severe disability
Management
-dermis fat graft to upper salcus
- secondary implant namely orbital floor implant
-correction of shallow lower fornix
Medical canthal reconstruction
-ptosis correction
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Retinopathy
Phathophysiology
-Retina breaks and elevated glucose cause retina damage which results in a hole like structure visible in the retina
-retina tears when the traction force exceeds the strength
- once the retina has the hole , liquid vitreous can enter the subretinal space between the sensory layer and pigment layer resulting in rhegmatogenous ,retina detachment
- long term uncontrolled diabetes mellitus
-retinal detachment can be caused by trauma /injury on the eye
-advanced age with underlying chronic diseases like diabetes
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