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Literary History II - Coggle Diagram

- - - - "A paste of composition rare, /
        Sweat, dandruff, powder, lead and hair..."
      - "Begummed, bemattered, and beslimed /
        With dirt, and sweat, and earwax grimed."
      - "Such gaudy tulips raised from dung."
- - - - "The Reverend Lover with surprize /
        Peeps in her Bubbys, and her Eyes, /
        And kisses both, and trys — and trys."
      - "She answer'd short, I'm glad you'l write, /
        You'l furnish paper when I shite."
- - - - Nature as preserved wilderness, undeveloped and untouched by humans.
  - - - Romanticism celebrates nature and the "natural man," contrasting with rigid norms of modernity.
    - - "I came among these hills; when like a roe /
        I bounded o'er the mountains, by the sides /
        Of the deep rivers, and the lonely streams, /
        Wherever nature led; more like a man..."
        
        The isolated feel of the countryside embodies the speaker's feelings of "seculsion."
      - Intimate descriptions of nature
- - - - When a man is capable of being in uncertainties, mysteries, doubts, without any irritable reaching after fact and reason.
        
        Readers must erase their own self-identity by immersing it "sympathetically and spontaneously" within the work.
    - - The restraining feel of the poem may be a hint towards Keats' thoughts on the power, and more specifically the shortcomings, of the English language.
        
        These words may not always hold the faculty to invoke emotive feeling on their own. However, if one puts themselves in the held-down position of the speaker, these emotions may be better conveyed.
      - Andromeda; evokes image of her chained to rocks.
- - - - "The Caterpillar offers a series of unique interactions: first between the human speaker and a lone caterpillar, second between the human and the entire caterpillar "race," and between two humans on the battlefield.
      - "And recent from the slaughter am I come /
        Of tribes and embryo nations: I have sought /
        With sharpened eye and persecuting zeal..."
        
        The speaker represents the persecutors, while the caterpillars represent the victims -- or human experience -- of war.
        
        Ethical relations among humans.
        
        Connected to imperialism and colonialism.
- - - - Epigram
        
        A series of short, witty statements.
        
        Wilde may be mostly known for the dry wit and humor he incorporates into his writing.
        
        "No artist desires to prove anything. Even things that are true can be proved. No artist has ethical sympathies. An ethical sympathy in an artist is an unpardonable mannerism of style. No artist is ever morbid. The artist can express everything. Thought and language are to the artist instruments of an art. Vice and virtue are to the artist materials for an art."
        
        The epigram that opens Dorian Gray is a look into Wilde's thoughts on aestheticism, or the role of "art" in crafting stories and other artistic mediums.
        
        "Art" isn't necessarily an extension of the artist's thoughts or persona. Rather, it can be molded or manipulated by a great artist in a way that evokes hope, fear, or forgiveness from the consumers of the art.
        
        "Life imitates art far more than art imitates Life."
        -- Wilde
- - - - Bartleby "prefers not" to work.
      - IU grad student strike
    - - "The bond of a common humanity now drew me irresistibly to gloom. A fraternal melancholy! For both I and Bartleby were sons of Adam."
      - End line: "Ah Bartleby! Ah humanity!"
- - - - American colonization persecuted indigenous peoples whom colonizers deemed weak. This is a similar mindset as the Puritans in The Scarlet Letter.
    - - "Lastly, in lieu of these shifting scenes, came back the rude market-place of the Puritan settlement, with all the towns-people assembled and levelling their stern regards at Hester Prynne,—yes, at herself,—who stood on the scaffold of the pillory, an infant on her arm, and the letter A, in scarlet, fantastically embroidered with gold-thread, upon her bosom!"
      - Puritans scoff at anyone who isn't one of them, a theme that carries racial undertones.
- - - - "The works of women are symbolical. /
        We sew, sew, prick our fingers, dull our sight, /
        Producing what? A pair of slippers, sir..."
        
        An explicit description of the typical roles of 18th century English women (sewing, serving men) provides a contrast to Browning's pursuit of education as a young woman. There weren't many other women with similar socioeconomic statuses that followed Browning's path, mainly because they weren't allowed to.
      - And I who have written much in prose and verse... /
        I write."
- - - - American Revolution
      - French Revolutionary Wars
      - Napoleonic Wars
    - - "What instances must pass before them of ardent, disinterested, self-denying attachment, of heroism, fortitude, patience, resignation: of all the conflicts and all the sacrifices that ennoble us most."
        
        Here, Austen uses the premonitions of well-educated, upper-class women -- who are able to freely read and write without the fetters of harsh gender roles -- as a critique of English modernity and its influence over the imperialism and war that casted a bleak shadow over the country.
        
        "Attachment" to "heroism" could be a conveyance of British nationalism.
- - - - The stealing of Belinda's lock of hair is seen as nonconsenual, perverse, and manipulative. This mirrors the acts of British imperialism that pervaded the country in 18th century.
      - "Stealing something that isn't yours."
- - - - Ian Watt: The novel offers a sense of "formal realism," or the "full and authentic report of human experience."
        
        Novels tend to focus on the individual.
        
        Empiricism
        
        The theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience.
        
        Capitalism
        
        Novels answer the question of how the individual handles these social ideologies/theories without being bound to utmost realism.
        
        Either way, novels like Robinson Crusoe are presented as real histories.
        
        Protestantism
- - - - "These were thy charms—But all these charms are fled. /
        Sweet smiling village, loveliest of the lawn, /
        Thy sports are fled, and all thy charms withdrawn; /
        Amidst thy bowers the tyrant's hand is seen, /
        And desolation saddens all thy green..."
      - The conversion of common land into private property; private land is then “enclosed” by a hedge, wall, or fence
    - - Beateous descriptions of the countryside were typically written for city-dwellers.
      - Pastorals emphasize the innocent lives of shepherds and shepherdesses in the "Golden Age of rustic innocence and idleness."
        
        The reality, though, is that life in the rural is full of painstaking labor and low wages.
- - - - Epistle: A letter or series of letters, typically serving a more formal purpose.
        
        The sign-offs of Beauplaisir's letters -- "your ever faithful" versus "your most faithful" -- indicates his changing love, and with whom that love lies.
    - - Beauplaisir is a representation of English men's shifting pursuits of "something new." He courts multiple women at once, not knowing its just the woman in a variety of different disguises.
      - The pursuit of pleasure.
- - - - White, English men of the era are "unmarked" and therefore able to inhabit the perspectives of other race, maintaining a messiah/white savior complex of sorts in order to justify this.
    - - The last two paragraphs of Spectator No. 50 serves as a way for Mr. Spectator -- and Addison himself by proxy -- to criticize an English culture that partakes in the cultural appropriation of indigenous people.
        
        "...we are all guilty in some Measure of the same narrow way of Thinking, which we meet with in this Abstract of the Indian Journal; when we fancy the Customs, Dress, and Manners of other Countries are ridiculous and extravagant, if they do not resemble those of our own."