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Degenerative Condit - Coggle Diagram
Degenerative Condit
Parkinson's disease
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Pathophysiology
The essential defect is a depletion of dopamine due to loss of neurones in the substantia nigra, locus ceruleus and other pigmented areas of the brain stem and basal ganglia. There is relative hyperactivity of cholinergic sites in these areas
Causes
Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra. Nerve cells in this part of the brain are responsible for producing a chemical called dopamine.
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Nursing management
Observe patient and assess energy level and endurance, and how these affect respiratory status.
Assess respiratory status for rate, depth, ease, use of accessory muscles, and work of breathing.
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Monitor patient for cough and production of sputum, noting amount, color, character, and patient’s ability to expectorate secretions and patient’s ability to cough.
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Multiple sclerosis
Is a progressive disorder of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination and plaque formation in the brain and spinal cord
Pathophysiology
The underlying pathophysiology hallmarks are inflammatory lesions that result in neuronal demyelination, axonal damage and subsequent neurological dysfunctions following the formation of multiple plaques in the grey and white matter of the brain and spinal cord
Causes
The cause of multiple sclerosis is unknown. It's considered an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system attacks its own tissues. In the case of MS , this immune system malfunction destroys the fatty substance that coats and protects nerve fibers in the brain and spinal cord (myelin).
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Nursing management
Determine the need for walking aids. Provide braces, walkers, or wheelchairs. Review safety considerations. Mobility aids can decrease fatigue, enhancing independence and comfort, as well as safety,
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Huntington's chorea
An inherited condition in which nerve cells in the brain break down over time.
It typically starts in a person's 30s or 40s.
Pathophysiology
Huntington disease, the caudate nucleus atrophies, the inhibitory medium spiny neurons in the corpus striatum degenerate, and levels of the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and substance P decrease.
Causes
Huntington's disease is caused by an inherited defect in a single gene. Huntington's disease is an autosomal dominant disorder, which means that a person needs only one copy of the defective gene to develop the disorder.
Clinical manifestations
Muscle problems, such as rigidity or muscle contracture (dystonia)
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Impaired gait, posture and balance
Management
No cure exists, but drugs, physiotherapy and talk therapy can help manage some symptoms.
Alzheimer's disease
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Pathophysiology
The beta-amyloid deposition and neurofibrillary tangles lead to loss of synapses and neurons, which results in gross atrophy of the affected areas of the brain, typically starting at the mesial temporal lobe.
Cause
Alzheimer's disease is thought to be caused by the abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells. One of the proteins involved is called amyloid, deposits of which form plaques around brain cells. The other protein is called tau, deposits of which form tangles within brain cells.
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Spinal cord compression
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Pathophysiology
Spinal cord compression occurs when a mass impinges on the spinal cord causing increased parenchymal pressure. The tissue response is gliosis, demyelination, and axonal loss. This occurs in the white matter, whereas gray matter structures are preserved.
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Clinical manifestations
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Loss of or altered sensation, including the ability to feel heat, cold and touch.
Changes in sexual function, sexual sensitivity and fertility.
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Nursing management
maximizing respiratory function,
preventing injury to the spinal cord,
promote mobility and/or independence,
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Myasthenia gravis
Is a disease of the neuromuscular junction, characterized by generalized and progressive muscular weakness
Pathophysiology
is an autoimmune synaptopathy. The disorder occurs when the immune system malfunctions and generates antibodies that attack the body's tissues. The antibodies in MG attack a normal human protein, the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, or a related protein called MuSK, a muscle-specific kinase.
Causes
The disease has an autoimmune cause, but the specific precipitating causes are not well known. Stress is thought to play a role in both triggering and exacerbating the disease
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Guillain- Barré syndrome
Also known as polyradiculitis or acute autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, is a clinical syndrome involving both the peripheral and cranial nerves.
Pathophysiology
Autoantibodies are formed in response to a viral infection. The specific pathological mechanism is demyelination of the peripheral nerves, which is thought to have an immunological origin and is due to the action of antibodies, which cause disorganization of the myelin sheath and disrupt nerve conduction. As the nerves re-myelinate, the symptoms abate and most patients recover completely, although a small percentage are left with some residual deficits
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Nursing management
Maintain respiration and oxygenation, including mechanical ventilation if required
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