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APPROACHES - Coggle Diagram
APPROACHES
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
modelling - for social learning theory to take place someone must carry out or model the attitude or behaviour to be learned.
imitation - identification refers to how much he or she identifies with that person, the individual will imitate the behaviour that the model portrays
identification - in order for the individual to imitate the behaviour of the model they must firstly identify with them. this could be n things such as age, race, height, gender
vicarious reinforcement = bandura- noted that children who observe a model being rewarded are more likely to imitate that behaviour - this means they do not need to recieve direct punishment or reinforcement in order for learning to take place but instead can learn about the consequences of behaviour and make their own judgements about the likelihood of this outcome for themselves.
the role of meditational processes - Bandura= in order for set to take place the observer must form representations of the behaviour displayed and the probable outcomes.
KEY STUDY =
procedure - carried out an experiment involving children who observed aggressive and non-aggressive behaviour displayed by adult models. half were exposed to aggressive behaviour with the Bodo doll and half to non-aggressive behaviour with Bodo doll.
aggressive behaviour was physical and verbal - before this the children were shown toys that they were not allowed to play with.
findings = the children who observed he non aggressive behaviour from the model exhibited virtually no aggression towards the doll. children who observed aggressive behaviour recreated a large amount of the aggressive behaviour on the Bodo dolls,
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
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defence mechanisms - used for processing trauma that may cause anxiety - using defence mechanisms means we dont have to deal with the anxiety
repression -putting the trauma into the unconscious, behaviour is still disrupted by trauma but the individual is unaware why
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the role of the unconcious - part of the mind that freed determined was inacessible - uses the iceberg metaphor to describe the mind - the unconscious reveals itself in Freudian slips - the mind actively prevents traumatic events from reaching the conscious to prevent anxiety ( defence mechanisms )
structure of personality
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ego - mediates between the demands of the id and the morality of the superego - will refrain gratifying the id
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EVALUATION
useful applications = Akers- can be used to help understand criminal behaviour, the probability of someone engaging in criminal behaviour is increased if they were exposed to a model who committed criminal acts and behaviours.
research support for identification = fox - found evidence for individuals observing a ,model more similar to them increases the likelihood of imitation - computer generated virtual models engaging in excursive or merely loitering. the models either looked similar or not.
problem establishing causality = major criticism = individuals who possess deviant attitudes and values will seek out peers who possess similar characteristics and traits, therefore the case of delinquency may not be set but the natural traits.
HUMANISTIC
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free will - everyone has the equal opportunity and control over their own outcome and destiny - everyone is able to reach their ideal self
conditions of worth - whether a child receives unconditional or conditional love will dictate their development of psychological issues and their later relationships in life
congruence - the ideal self must be congruent with the ideal self in order to reach their full potential
counselling - humanistic councillors are seen as guides to help people see their control over their own life and their ability to reach self actualisation - the psychologist will provide unconditional positive regard
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BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
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operant conditioning - Skinner = organisms spontaneously produce behaviours that produce a consequence - some positive and some negative
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negative reinforcement = taking away something unpleasant so produces a pleasing consequence - hunger and food
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skinners research - developed a special cage in order to investigate operant conditioning - when rat accidentally pressers the leaver food will be dispensed ( the reinforcer) in no time when the rat was hungry it started pressing the leaver then abandons it (extinction).
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