APPROACHES
HUMANISTIC
Maslow heirchy
self actualisation
esteem
love and belonging
safety
psychological
free will - everyone has the equal opportunity and control over their own outcome and destiny - everyone is able to reach their ideal self
conditions of worth - whether a child receives unconditional or conditional love will dictate their development of psychological issues and their later relationships in life
congruence - the ideal self must be congruent with the ideal self in order to reach their full potential
Evaluation of humanistic approach
only positive approach
mallows hierarchy of needs is culturally bias - collectivist cultures to individualistic cultures such as America.- Nevis
counselling - humanistic councillors are seen as guides to help people see their control over their own life and their ability to reach self actualisation - the psychologist will provide unconditional positive regard
unrealistic approach - overly idealised approach of human nature - environmental factors
research support for conditions of worth - Harter = studies teens and said the ones who feel they have to live up to parental expectations or gain parental approval often end up hating themselves
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPROACH
psychosexual stages
oral - 0-18 months
anal - 1-3
phallic - 3-6
latent 6 -puberty
genital - puberty +
defence mechanisms - used for processing trauma that may cause anxiety - using defence mechanisms means we dont have to deal with the anxiety
repression -putting the trauma into the unconscious, behaviour is still disrupted by trauma but the individual is unaware why
the role of the unconcious - part of the mind that freed determined was inacessible - uses the iceberg metaphor to describe the mind - the unconscious reveals itself in Freudian slips - the mind actively prevents traumatic events from reaching the conscious to prevent anxiety ( defence mechanisms )
denial - refusing to accept the trauma or memories ever occurred e.g. alchoholic
displacement - redirecting thoughts or feelings to innocent victim or object
evaluation of psychodynamic approach
structure of personality
id - pleasure principle - born with it demands gratification
ego - mediates between the demands of the id and the morality of the superego - will refrain gratifying the id
superego - morality concerned with the moral norms and has guilt for gratification of the ID.
gender bias - frueds theories of female sexuality was undeveloped compared to males he failed to acknowledge that female sexuality differs to male sexuality not generalisable
electra and opedius complex
use of case studies - fried used case studies for the majority of his research, he did not use controlled experiments, to collect empirical evidence - less scientific that other approaches - sudo science
cannot research the unconcious - unfalsifiable -
BEHAVIOURAL APPROACH
classical conditioning : -Pavlov= all animals including humans have innate reflexes.g. salivation.
operant conditioning - Skinner = organisms spontaneously produce behaviours that produce a consequence - some positive and some negative
pavlova research - acquisition phase takes place where a neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. UCS created UCR - through multiple pairings NS takes on the same affects as the UCS to produce the same response- NS now = CS and the response it produces. = CR
important features
timing - time interval between pairings cannot be too great bc conditioning will not take place
extinction - if not continuously paired then conditioning will be lost or will not take place
stimulus generalisation - once conditioning has taken place, similar things to the CS will also produce CR
positive reinforcement = occurs when behaviour produces a consequence that is pleasent
negative reinforcement = taking away something unpleasant so produces a pleasing consequence - hunger and food
punishment = undesirable consequence for a behaviour
skinners research - developed a special cage in order to investigate operant conditioning - when rat accidentally pressers the leaver food will be dispensed ( the reinforcer) in no time when the rat was hungry it started pressing the leaver then abandons it (extinction).
Evaluation of behavioural approach
classical conditioning - treatments have been created for anxiety associated phobias - SD
operant conditioning - strength of skinners research was the use of experimental method
SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
modelling - for social learning theory to take place someone must carry out or model the attitude or behaviour to be learned.
imitation - identification refers to how much he or she identifies with that person, the individual will imitate the behaviour that the model portrays
identification - in order for the individual to imitate the behaviour of the model they must firstly identify with them. this could be n things such as age, race, height, gender
vicarious reinforcement = bandura- noted that children who observe a model being rewarded are more likely to imitate that behaviour - this means they do not need to recieve direct punishment or reinforcement in order for learning to take place but instead can learn about the consequences of behaviour and make their own judgements about the likelihood of this outcome for themselves.
the role of meditational processes - Bandura= in order for set to take place the observer must form representations of the behaviour displayed and the probable outcomes.
KEY STUDY =
procedure - carried out an experiment involving children who observed aggressive and non-aggressive behaviour displayed by adult models. half were exposed to aggressive behaviour with the Bodo doll and half to non-aggressive behaviour with Bodo doll.
aggressive behaviour was physical and verbal - before this the children were shown toys that they were not allowed to play with.
findings = the children who observed he non aggressive behaviour from the model exhibited virtually no aggression towards the doll. children who observed aggressive behaviour recreated a large amount of the aggressive behaviour on the Bodo dolls,
EVALUATION
useful applications = Akers- can be used to help understand criminal behaviour, the probability of someone engaging in criminal behaviour is increased if they were exposed to a model who committed criminal acts and behaviours.
research support for identification = fox - found evidence for individuals observing a ,model more similar to them increases the likelihood of imitation - computer generated virtual models engaging in excursive or merely loitering. the models either looked similar or not.
problem establishing causality = major criticism = individuals who possess deviant attitudes and values will seek out peers who possess similar characteristics and traits, therefore the case of delinquency may not be set but the natural traits.