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SPAIN: DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
The dictatorship of Primo de Rivera
it was established in 1923
it was a right-wing dictatorship
Alfonso XIII accepted it
it was supported by
the church
the army
business owners
socialist trade unions
characteristics
foreign policy
the dictatorship won a definitive victory in the war in Morocco
economy
large public works were built
they reduced unemployment
State monopolies were set up
Compañía Telefónica
CAMPSA
politics
the Patriotic Union was the official party
objectives
to eradicate nationalism
to suppress demonstrations and protests
to eradicate terrorism
it started to fail from 1928 onwards
there was opposition from political parties
they wanted to restore a parliamentary system
the crisis of 1929 raised unemployment
there was opposition from the army
he decreed a new promotion system based on merit rather than seniority
the king withdrew his support for the dictator
The evolution of Spain during the 1920s and 1930s
The Second Spanish Republic
The civil war
A military dictatorship
The Second Spanish Republic
it was established on 14 April 1931
as a consequence Alfonso XIII went into exile
three phases
The centre-right biennium
1933–1936
the president of the Republic
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
head of government
Alejandro Lerroux
they suspended the reforms made by the previous government
with the help of the Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
which caused a general strike organised by PSOE and PCE
the October Revolution
it failed all across Spain, apart from in Asturias and Cataluña
in Asturias
the miners took control of the coalfields and proclaimed a revolutionary government
it was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco
it was a social revolution
in Cataluña
the president of the autonomous community, Lluis Companys, proclaimed a Catalan state
to end it the statute of autonomy was removed in Cataluña
it was a political revolution
The Popular Front
1936
the Popular Front (left-wing parties) ruled
president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña
head of the government
Casares Quiroga
previous reforms were resumed
new expropriations were carried out
the statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
The government reforms provoked
violent clashes between extreme right-wing militants and extreme left-wing groups
strikes and occupation of land by left-wing groups
protests
The left-wing or reformist biennium
1931–1933
president of the Republic
Niceto Alcalá Zamora
head of the government
Manuel Azaña
a new Constitution was written
in 1931
it was one of the most progressive constitutions in Europe
reforms
agricultural reform
large agricultural estates were expropriated and the land was divided among peasants
these reforms were opposed by
landowners
they lost wealth
peasants
the changes were implemented too slowly
labour reforms
the Law of Labour Contracts
established the eight-hour working day, a minimum wage and paid holidays
business owners were against these reforms
they lost power and wealth
forced business owners to negotiate working conditions with the trade unions
military reforms
the new law prioritised promotion based on academic qualifications rather than military achievements
the excessive number of army officers was reduced
military leaders opposed it
they lost power
educational reforms
pedagogical missions were created
to take culture to rural areas
the church opposed the changes
they felt that this reform was an attack on Catholicism
a secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system was established
territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
the process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco and Galicia
right-wing politicians were against it
they considered it to be an attack on the integrity of Spanish territory
the reforms weren't liked by
right-wing political groups
they provoked an attempted military coup in 1932
most radical left-wing groups
there were many strikes and confrontations with security forces
confrontations in Casas Viejas, Cádiz
in 1933
peasants were killed by security forces
it increased the government's unpopularity
it lead to the resignation of Manuel Azaña
The Spanish Civil War
1936-1939
the result
the Republic was replaced with a dictatorship led by General Francisco Franco
reasons
On 17 July 1936
the anti-republican section of the army rebelled in Morocco against the government
On 18 July
the rebellion spread to the peninsula
objectives of the rebellion
to end left-wing government reforms
the expropriation of their lands
the labour reforms
the secularisation of education
the army's loss of political power
to re-establish the political and social order that existed before
to end public disorder caused by extreme right-wing and left-wing militants
to avoid possible working class revolution that would establish a communist regime
the two sides and international support
The Republicans
represented by Manuel Azaña
were loyal to the Republican government
they received international support from
The International Brigades
Mexico
food
healthcare
the USSR
they provided
planes
military equipment
advisers
The Nationalists
were in favour of the military uprising
they received international support from
Italy and Germany
they provided
military equipment
tanks
planes
well-provisioned troops
Portugal and Ireland
volunteers
led by General Francisco Franco
Characteristics of the two zones
the Republican zone
authority was split between
the central government
they put together a Popular Army of militiamen
the different revolutionary groups
they imposed their authority in the areas not controlled by the government
the Nationalist zone
there was an authoritarian regime
controlled by General Francisco Franco
The development of the war
Northern campaign
Nationalists tried to take Asturias, Cantabria and País Vasco
it was the mining and industrial area of Spain
Guernica was bombed in 1937 by the Condor Legion
Battle of the Ebro
Republicans began the battle of the Ebro
to stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle and in 1939 he entered Barcelona
March to Madrid
the Nationalists tried to occupy Madrid
they were defeated in the battles of Jarama and Guadalajara
The end of the war
the Nationalist army took Madrid in March
on 1 April 1939, the war ended
The consequences of the civil war
Economic
economic losses were high due to the destruction of
transport systems
industrial areas
infrastructure
houses
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died
half a million republicans were exiled to Latin America and France
Political
an authoritarian regime was set up
they wanted the annihilation of the Republicans
Cultural
many teachers were dismissed or executed
intellectuals were assassinated or exiled
ideological repression was implemented through education and culture
