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AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM, image, image, image, image, image,…
AUTHORITARIANISM AND TOTALITARIANISM
power was concentrated in the hands of
a supreme leader
one ruling political party
totalitarianism was more repressive than authoritarianism
factors contributing to the rise of these regimes
the war had created nationalist feeling
it was reinforced by
the economic crisis of 1929
the implementation of protectionist policies
the power of the state increased
with state intervention in economy and society during the crisis of 1929
the war established habits of military organisation
many soldiers found it difficult to adapt to civilian life
new parties were formed that represented the working class
they were unhappy because of
unemployment
low wages
land distribution
common characteristics shared by both regimes
Foreign policy
expansionist foreign policy
to gain
new territories
new markets
raw materials
Economy
the state controlled the economy
companies were nationalised
public works programmes were set up to reduce unemployment
imports were minimalised to benefit national production
politics
anti-democratic government
with no
trade unions
free elections
political parties
citizens' rights were limited
no right to meet and associate
no freedom of expression or to demonstrate
no freedom of press
the government was an authoritarian dictatorship
there was
a leader who possessed absolute political power
a single political party which supported him
Society
almost all the classes of society supported the regime
army
it had power over political control
business owners and workers
business owners
no more strikes and workers' parties
workers
the regime created jobs
middle class
they wanted a strong state that would put an end to the poverty
Methods used by these regimes to safeguard their power
Culture
was aimed at instilling a code of behaviour according to the party ideology
A policy of repression
used secret police to find people who opposed the system
Propaganda
was used to promote the ideology of the state and censure opposition
Violence
was used to control anyone who opposed the state's ideology
Differences between authoritarian ideologies
Right-wing authoritarian regimes
in
Germany
Italy
they were nationalists
they rejected communism
Left-wing totalitarian regimes
in USSR
it was
anti-nationalist
anti-capitalist
it wanted to create a society
without classes
with the economy planned and controlled by the state
Differences between democracies and authoritarian regimes
Political parties
Democracies
A number of political parties
Authoritarian regimes
One political party
Equality
Democracies
All citizens are equal
Authoritarian regimes
Social inequality (elites and racism)
Rights and liberties
Democracies
Individual rights and liberties are guaranteed
Authoritarian regimes
Rights were given to groups, not to individuals
Fascism
the system of authoritarian government established in Italy
by Benito Mussolini
in 1922
the Fasci
volunteer militias who helped maintain order in the streets
created because the constitutional monarchy of Victor Emmanuel III wasn't doing well
due to
the post-war economic crisis
inflation
continual social unrest
as they were successful Benito Mussolini created the first Fasci combat groups (1919)
paramilitary group with an ultranationalist ideology
the National Fascist Party
Mussolini formed it in 1921
led the March on Rome
in October 1922
because they were frustrated by the government's inability to end social unrest
as a consequence Victor Emmanuel III, asked Mussolini to form a government
under Mussolini, Italy became a dictatorship with these measures
economy
an autarky was set up
companies were nationalised
large scale public works projects were begun
social policies
he indoctrinated the population through the education system
he increased the birth rate by offering subsidies to large families
he removed workers' right
politics
Mussolini had all the power
all other parties were prohibited
he started Italian expansion into Africa
parliament was replaced by the Chamber of Fascists
Stalinism
the system of totalitarian government which was established in the USSR
in 1924
by Joseph Stalin
characteristics
economy
was planned and controlled by the state
Stalin introduced a series of five-year plans
to achieve the rapid industrialisation of the USSR
objectives
nationalisation of existing industries and investment in and creation of heavy industry
the construction of hydraulic works
to increase the production of electricity
collectivisation of land
by
expropriation of property by force
forced obligation of the workers to cultivate the land collectively
types of farms
Sovkhoz
the land was owned by the state
the workers were paid a wage
Kolkhoz
the land was owned by the collective or cooperative
the workers received part of the harvest as a wage
the crops produced were given to the state for export
to gain capital to buy industrial machinery
social equality
guaranteeing
education
housing
healthcare
but there were differences between the governing elite and the rest of the population
political power
Stalin had all the power
he approved the Constitution of 1936
it granted citizens' rights such as universal suffrage
he maintained the CPSU as the only political party
he gained control of the CPSU
he set up a system in which the party leaders ran the country
tried to spread communism across Europe through the Komintern
Nazi
the system of totalitarian government established in Germany
by Adolf Hitler
it replaced the Weimar Democratic Republic
causes
the humiliation Germans felt over the territorial and economic conditions
hyperinflation and high unemployment
discontent among the population with the democratic government
the National Socialist German Workers' Party
Adolf Hitler became the leader of it in 1921
They used the SS, a paramilitary group, to attack the opposition
Their political programme was based mainly on the rejection of the Treaty of Versailles
in 1933
Hitler was named Chancellor and established a dictatorship
measures
foreign policy
Hitler began an expansionist policy to recover German territories lost in WW1
great economic development
programme of public works
the development of the arms industry
the Third Reich was proclaimed in 1934
Hitler became head of state
The Nazi Party became the only legal political party
they persecuted anyone who opposed their regime
Hitler was extremely anti-Semitic
during the 1930s German Jews were persecuted
