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Ecology of Socialization - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Biological factors (genetics, evolution, hormones) are thought to influence basic neural circuitry of the brain during early development. These neural connections, referred to as experience-expectant, develop under genetic influence independent of experience, activity, or stimulation (Bruer & Greenough, 2001).
- - - - Behavior Patterns in Culturally Diverse Families
        In Chapter 1, socialization outcomes of different worldviews (low and high contexts) were discussed. Here we discuss four dimensions of cultural behavior patterns from ethnically diverse families. Their socialization outcomes are significant, especially when they differ from the standards socialized by the school or from those that predominate in the community.
        
        Coping Style: Active ↔ Passive
        An active coping style is associated with “doing” and “getting things done,” a passive coping style with “being” or “becoming.” An active coping style also involves a future time orientation, a perception that time moves quickly and that one can control and change the environment.
        
        Child Care
        As a result of societal changes, child care has become an important socialization agent. The specific effects of care from someone other than a parent are controversial, involving many variables such as a child's temperament, type of care, hours per day in care, age when day care began, and parents' involvement (Vandell et al., 2010).
      - Attitude toward Authority: Submissive ↔ Egalitarian
        This dimension can be observed in children: Do they regard their parents and teachers as clear authority figures whom they respect and obey without question, or do they see them as more nearly equal figures with whom they may disagree and question?
        
        Orientation: Collectivistic ↔ Individualistic
        At one extreme of this dimension is the cultural value of collectivism (orientation toward the group), usually found in high-context cultures and exemplified by many families of Japanese, Hawaiian, Native American, Mexican, and Middle Eastern heritage. These groups tend to emphasize affiliation, cooperation, and interpersonal relations.
      - Communication Style: Open/Expressive ↔ Restrained/Private
        Some children tend to be more openly and freely expressive, sharing feelings and thoughts in a wide variety of situations, than are other children. Some children tend to be more direct and open in familiar social interactions than in unfamiliar ones.
        
        School and Child Care
        
        Educational Philosophy
        The school acts as an agent of society in that it is organized to perpetuate that society's knowledge, skills, customs, and beliefs. Yet all education springs from some image of the future.
        
        Classroom Management
        The social order of society is communicated to the child largely in the classroom—a setting in which children are evaluated by the teacher's comments, report cards, marks on papers, charts, classmates' judgments, and self-judgments.
        
        Peers and Community
        
        The peer group comprises individuals who are of approximately the same age and social status and who have common interests. Experiences in child-care facilities can expose children to peer relations months after birth.
        
        egocentrism the cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one's own
        
        The peer group gives children experience in egalitarian types of relationships that are qualitatively different from relationships with authority figures. In peer groups children engage in a process of give-and-take not ordinarily possible in relationships with adults. In the family and school, children necessarily are subordinate to parents and teachers… .
        
        The term community is derived from the Latin word for fellowship. It refers to the affective relationships expected among closely knit groups of people sharing common interests. It also refers to people living in a particular geographical area who are bound together politically and economically.
        
        Affective refers to feelings or emotions, such as love, anger, fear, or disgust. Affective mechanisms include responses to others, feelings about self, feelings about others, and expression of emotions.
        
        Mass media include newspapers, magazines, books, radio, television, videos, movies, computers, consoles, and other means of communication and information technology that reach large audiences via an impersonal medium between the sender and the receiver.