Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Halogenoalkanes - Coggle Diagram

- - - - hydrolysis
        breaking up molecules
        reaction with water
      - rate of hydrolysis depends on
        halogen in HA
        
        depends on strength of C-X bond
        
        lower bond enthalpy, weaker it is
        and more easily broken
        (slowest = C-F, fastest = C-I)
      - as halide ions produced,
        react with aq silver ions in
        silver nitrate
        = form insoluble silver
        halide precipitates
      - ethanol used as solvent - allowing
        HA + silver nitrate solution to mix
        (ethanol = mutual solvent)
      - nitric acid often added
        to prevent precipitation
        of other salts
    - - example = sodium hydroxide
        or potassium hydroxide
      - conditions
        
        reaction heated under reflux
        to improve yield + rate of reaction
        (reflux - repeated boiling + condensing
        of reaction mixture)
        
        solvent = water
      - substitution of X atom in HA
        by -OH group is quicker with aqueous
    - - cyanide ion = CN-
        contains C atom bonded to
        nitrogen via triple covalent bond
      - HA refluxed with ethanolic solution
        of K/Na cyanide
        
        product = nitrile = contains 1
        more C atom than HA used in reactant
        
        useful in organic synthesis
    - - conditions
        
        warm
        
        sealed tube
        
        concentrated
        ammonia
      - produces = primary
        amine
      - yield of primary amine (1 C attached to N)
        raised by use of concentrated solution of ammonia
        
        why? greater chance of HA reacting with
        it as nucleophile
      - FORMING - secondary/tertiary amine
        
        primary amine acts a nucleophile
        itself as N has lone pairs of e-
        
        more reactive than in ammonia
        due to inductive effect of alkyl group