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Design and Evaluation of Projects of the Environment, • The receptor -…
Design and Evaluation of Projects of the
Environment
Systems Theory
Systems Concept
The term system can be defined in synthesis as a set of elements of interaction.
This means that anything that is made up of parts joined
each other can be called a system.
System Classification
System closed
1- There is no interaction with the environment
2-It has no capacity for growth, adaptation to the environment, or even self-reproduction.
3- Its current and future or final state will always be its original state
Open system
1- Constant interaction with the environment.
2- It has the capacity for growth, change, adaptation to the environment and even self-reproduction, in certain environmental circumstances.
3- Its current, future or final state is not necessarily determined by its original state.
Elements of a System
Input: is defined as the driving component or indicator with which the system works. The input function characterizes the feeding force that provides the operating material to the system.
Output: It can be defined as the purpose for which the characteristics and relationships of the system unite the elements, therefore, the output is consistent with the objective, whose definition is similar.
Process. The process is defined as the activity that enables the transformation of the
input (input in product, output).
Environment
The environment is not only a thing that is outside the control of the systems, but
also something that partly determines its operation.
Project Cycles
Project Phases
Determination of the need (real or potential)
Goal setting
Identification or generation of alternatives.
Projects and Decision-Making Process
The usefulness of understanding the decision-making process in its vertical and horizontal double meaning is that it strongly links the technical with the administrative and establishes the need for permanent communication and dialogue between the "owner" and the "designer".
Project Cycle and Organization
Project flow requires organization
this organization becomes more and more complex, as the project
passes from one phase to another
the traditional organization, functionally structured and highly
formalized in terms of hierarchy, authority, etc...
it is necessary, then, to examine alternative management schemes, capable of
to make the project viable within specified cost deadlines.
Planning, Programming and Control
Concept
Generalized process that does not depend on the field of few variables and easily identifiable options action to which it is applied- It is used both for the adoption of decisions that involve.
Planning Elements
• Planning Agent
• Forecast
• The decision
Planning Classification
A—Regarding the object of planning.
B — Regarding the level or space of planning.
C — Regarding the planning time horizon
The planning process
A — The sequence of activities.
B — The hierarchical nature of planning.
C — The iterative nature of planning.
Project Identification
Project Preparation
Preparation of Prefeasibility:
In this sub-process it is determined if a more detailed study of the
critical points or elements that have only been superficially treated in the
idea identification. The degree of detail depends on the size and complexity
of the project.
Pre-identification
It is considered as the thread of the analysis of the global plans and of the priorities of solution of needs, as well as the refinement of the ideas to place the project within the framework of the corresponding plans.
Project Evaluation and Approval
Execution Planning and Final Design
Realization of Negotiations, Procedures and Contracts
Performance.
Project Identification
Elements to identify a project
a) Market and Size
b) Availability of Inputs
c) Technology
d) Investment amount
e) Institutional and Policy Framework
Analysis of the Stages of a Project Cycle
Meaning of the Project Cycle
We will understand by cycle, the set of stages and processes that are carried out over time, with the particularity that the analysis and the cycle itself can vary according to the point of view of the author or the entity that defines its evolution.
Brief Introduction to the Systems Approach
• purpose, reason for being of the system, or that we could also define the objective
• The elements that are part of the system and that are the entities that produce the actions.
• The interrelationships, which are the transactions between the elements of their actions or dispositions, lead to the desired objective.
The Project Concept
"The project is nothing more than a model of the undertaking to be carried out, with the
forecasts of resources, execution time and expected results."
Project Cycle Stages
Preliminary identification
Identification
Elaboration of Prefeasibility
Evaluation
• The receptor