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Digestive and Urinary System Faith Gallardo P.7 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System Faith Gallardo P.7
Major functions of the digestive system
Digestion: mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and
absorption of nutrients
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
breaks down and absorbs nutrients from the food and liquids you consume to use for important things like energy, growth and repairing cells.
Major functions of the urinary system
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
kidneys
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
ureters
bladder
urethra
renal pelvis
The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
Major organs of the digestive system
mouth
esophagus
stomach
pancreas
small intestine
liver
gallbladder
large intestine
anus
The human body uses the process of digestion to break down food into a form that can be absorbed and used for fuel
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters, which transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder, which stores urine
Urethra, which conveys urine to the outside of the body
Kidneys, which filter the blood
The body takes nutrients from food and converts them to energy.
After the body has taken the food components that it needs, waste products are left behind in the bowel and in the blood
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Amylase breaks down starches and carbohydrates into sugars.
Protease breaks down proteins into amino acids.
Lipase breaks down lipids, which are fats and oils, into glycerol and fatty acids.
Pepsin, produced in the stomach.
Trypsin, produced in the pancreas
Pancreatic lipase, produced in the pancreas
Amylase, produced in the mouth. It helps break down large starch molecules into smaller sugar molecules
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
The duodenum is where the majority of the digestion occurs while the jejunum and ileum is where the absorption takes place
the small intestine
the small intestine
Once proteins have been broken down into peptides and amino acids, they are absorbed into the bloodstream through transporters located in the wall of the small intestine.
Lipids are also digested in the small intestine with the help of bile salts, and pass through the intestinal wall mostly by diffusion
Lysosomes break down macromolecules into their constituent parts, which are then recycled.
These membrane-bound organelles contain a variety of enzymes called hydrolases that can digest proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and complex sugars
The lumen of a lysosome is more acidic than the cytoplasm.
Digestive enzymes are enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks, in order to facilitate their absorption by the body.
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Mucosa.
Submucosa.
Muscular layer
Serous layer or serosa
absorption and secretion
The middle, circular layer contributes to the pyloric sphincter, and helps control movement of food to the duodenum
the inner oblique layer is unique to the stomach
It tapers off before the duodenum, and is important for the churning of food and digestion
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
About one million nephrons per kidney
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
Renal corpuscle:
Filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first
step of urine formation
Consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a
glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Glomerular capsule is actually the expanded proximal end of
a renal tubule
composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus
a cup-shaped structure called Bowman's capsule
The renal tubule extends from the capsule
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
gastroesophageal reflux disease
lactose intolerance
cancer
irritable bowel syndrome
hiatal hernia
bleeding
bloating
constipation
diarrhea
Enlarged prostate - in men
Incontinence - when urine leaks out of the urethra.
Kidney infections - when a bladder infection 'backs up' the ureters