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Miscellaneous eye conditions - Coggle Diagram
Miscellaneous eye conditions
Hypertensive retinopathy
This disease affects the blood vessels in the retina due to high blood pressure
Pathophysiology
Early findings include generalized narrowing of the retinal arteriolar vessels due to vasospasm and increased vascular tone. Chronic hypertension leads to structural changes in the vessel wall such as intimal thickening and hyaline degeneration
Signs & symptoms
flame shaped hemorrhages at the disc margin,
congested retinal veins
papilledema
secondary macular exudates.
Causes
prolonged high blood pressure.
heart disease.
atherosclerosis.
Diabetes
Smoking
High cholesterol
Being overweight
Nursing management
Controlling the diabetes mellitus
Monitor your blood sugar level.
Applying antibiotics as prescribed
Squint
Definition
Means deviation or not looking straight, it can occur to one or both eyes
Clinical manifestations
A deviated eye
Decreased vision and amblyopia ( lazy eye) or diplopia
Turning of the head to try to compensate for diplopia
Pathophysiology
often occurs in children who are otherwise completely normal. However, children with disorders that affect the brain such as cerebral palsy, Down's syndrome, hydrocephalus and space-occupying lesions are more likely to develop strabismus.
Management
Medically: surgery of the extraocular muscles to straighten the eyes
Apply any antibiotics prescribed
Help patients do things, eg assisting in bathing if they fail by themselves
Diabetic retinopathy
complication of diabetes that affects the eyes.
Pathophysiology
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular disorder caused by vision-threatening damage to the retina, a long-term sequela of diabetes mellitus. DR is the most common microvascular complication in diabetic patients and the leading global cause of vision loss in working middle-aged adults.
Causes
high blood sugar due to diabetes
having too much sugar in your blood can damage your retina — the part of your eye that detects light and sends signals to your brain through a nerve in the back of your eye (optic nerve). Diabetes damages blood vessels all over the
Signs & symptoms
Spots or dark strings floating in your vision (floaters)
Blurred vision
Fluctuating vision
Dark or empty areas in your vision
Vision loss
Nursing management
Controlling the diabetes mellitus
Cataract
The term cataract denotes clouding or opacity of the crystalline lens
Causes
May be congenital, hereditary or acquired
Age related
Cataracts may follow trauma to the eye
May be associated with ocular inflammations such as uveitis and metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus
Risk factors include excessive exposure to sunlight, excessive smoking and poor nutrition
Clinical manifestations
Changes in colour vision
Difficulty seeing in dim light
Double vision
Nursing management
Explaining the procedure to the patient to help to calm them down
Administer anticoagulant medication
Administer dilating drops
Antibiotics should be given
Orientate the patient to the neighbouring environment and remove objects around
Glaucoma
Refers to a group of conditions that affect the optic nerve all
Pathophysiology
Aqueous humour is produced by the ciliary processes in the posterior chamber of the eye. It then passes through the pupil, and drains through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm, and then into the episcleral blood vessels.
Causes
Long term steroid treatment
Diabetes
Eye trauma, surgery
Management
Create a teaching plan regarding the nature of the disease and the importance of strict compliance to the medication regimen
Review the patients medication programme, particularly the interactions of glaucoma control medications with other medications
Refer patient to services that assist in performing activities on daily living if needed
Refer patients with impaired mobility for low vision & rehabilitation services to agencies that can assist them in obtaining federal assistance
Provide reassurance and emotional support
Clinical manifestations
Headache
Itching or discomfort around the eye
Blurred vision
Loss of peripheral vision
Visual changes or visual loss
References
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