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Disorders of the middle ear - Coggle Diagram
Disorders of the middle ear
Chronic otitis media :
Definition
Untreated acute otitis media that continues for more than two weeks with infection not cleared
Clinical manifestations
Fever
Headache
Irritability
Purulent discharge from ear
Otorrhea
Nursing management
Dry the ear by wicking
-collect swap specimen for culture and sensitivity
-instill broad spectrum antibiotics as prescribed
refer for expert management if there is no improvement
Pathophysiology
The condition is caused by many types of bacteria like Haemophilus influenza . The inflammation is usually related to respiratory tract infection and allergic reactions . Discharge in the ear indicates the rapture of the ear allowing the pus to drain . The duration of pus drainage should be monitored to differentiate between acute and chronic ear infection.
Causes
HIV infection
-TB
-- inadequate drainage through eustachian tube
-low immune system
-pharyngeal congestion
Mastoiditis
Infection and inflammation of the mastoid air cells as a result of recurrent chronic otitis media.
Pathophysiology
Mastoid air cells have a rich supply of blood.
Resulted as chronic otitis media
Infection drains into mastoid cavity where infecting organisms thrive and multiply, resulting in increased exudate.
Nursing management
Parenteral antibiotics and analgesic to combat infection and relieve pain respectively
Surgery, mastoidectomy and possible tympanoplasty.
Clinical manifestations
Swelling and tenderness over mastoid process
Pushed out pinna that is protuded
Pain in the ear
Purulent ear discharge
Causes
inherited
virus
Otosclerosis
Condition where moveable joints between the ossicles in the middle ear are fixed or their mobility is reduced.
Nursing management
Refer patient for audiometric testing to get hearing aid.
Assist with speech management.
Pathophysiology
Progressive loss of stapes movement due to formation of sclerotic bone.
Clinical manifestations
Progressive loss of stapes movement due to the formation of sclerotic bone, which fixes the stapes the stapes foot plate onto the oval window.the stapes become immobile, causing conductive hearing loss
Causes
-faulty bone formation
-low level of fluoride
inherited
-virus
Acute otitis media
Definition
Inflammation of the middle ear, usually triggers by upper respiratory tract infection. The eustachian tube is blocked or infected preventing fluid drainage from the middle ear
Phathophysiology
The condition is caused by many types of bacteria like Haemophilus influenza . The inflammation is usually related to respiratory tract infection and allergic reactions . Discharge in the ear indicates the rapture of the ear allowing the pus to drain . The duration of pus drainage should be monitored to differentiate between acute and chronic ear infection.
Clinical manifestations
-Otorrhea
-Headache
-Symptoms of upper respiratory infection
-Fever
-Irritability
Purulent discharge from the ear
Nursing management
-antibiotics such as amoxicillin
analgesics in a form of paracetamol
-keep the ear dry by wicking If ear discharge is
present
Causes
-- related to respiratory tract infection
-allegic reaction
-various types of bacteria
References
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://coggle.it/diagram/XMdEwWSy4Eq52q57/t/disorders-of-the-internal-ear&ved=2ahUKEwjvu6nG0NT3AhXDUMAKHVUHAvAQFnoECAQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1ULA4BhVFxy8aVR6iV1mZY
References
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://coggle.it/diagram/XMcR3MeK2X_Y4-Cw/t/disorders-of-the-middle-ear&ved=2ahUKEwiH5ZeN0dT3AhVnQkEAHblYB_0QFnoECBcQAQ&usg=AOvVaw23eowQpNF9eXBqXu_qi9j0