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Science, pressure - Coggle Diagram

- - - - SI Unit: Ampere (A)
  - - - SI Unit: Volt (V)
  - - - SI Unit: Ohm (Ω)
    - - Series
        
        RT = R1 + R2 + ...
      - Paralllel
        
        RT = (1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...)-1.
  - - - formula: P/V
  - - - IT = I1 = I2 = I3
    - - V1 + V2 + V3 +... = e.m.f of cell
    - - RT = R1 + R2 +...
        
        As more resistors are added, total resistance increases
  - - - connect the appliance back to the mains to close the circuit
    - - diverts the excessive current to the ground if a short circuit occurs
    - - connected to the mains,for conducting electricity into the kettle to power the heating element
  - - - Constant for all resistors, is equal to e.m.f
    - - RT = (1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...)-1.
        
        As more resistors are added, total resistance decreases
    - - IT = I1 + I2 + I3 +...
- - - - ways to measure it
        
        extension spring balance
        
        compression spring balance
      - Weight=mass X gravitational strength
  - - - dust attracted to plastic wrap
      - hair stand when we wake up
  - - - formula: distance(m) x force(newtons)
- - - - transfer of heat through a medium from one particle to another, without the movement of the medium itself
      - faster heat conduction in metals
        
        Metals have free moving electrons
        
        when heated, free moving electrons gain kinetic energy
        
        they collide into other particles, transferring energy to them.
    - - Factors impacting heat gain/loss
        
        colour of object (black,white,dull, shiny)
        
        white,shiny,smooth
        
        poor emitter and absorber of radiation
        
        shiny
        
        good reflector of radiation
        
        black,rough,dull
        
        good absorber and emitter of radiation
      - transfer of heat without the need of a medium
    - - transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of the medium itself
      - heat is transferred through liquids and gases mainly by convection
      - movement of the water is set up by the differences in densities and is called convection current
- - - - Chemical reactions
        
        Reactants react with each other to form new products
        
        Energy such as heat, light or electricity is given out
        
        Rust
        
        unreactive metals are lead, copper, silver and gold
      - Word Equations
        
        E.g. Magnesium + Oxygen ---> Magnesium Oxide (oxidation)
        
        Acid with reactive metals
        
        dilute hydrochloric acid + zinc ---> zinc chloride + hydrogen gas
        
        Acid with metal carbonates
        
        dilute sulfuric acid + magnesium carbonate ---> magnesium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide gas
        
        Acid with alkalis
        
        dilute hydrochloric acid + aqueous calcium hydroxide ---> calcium chloride + water (Neutralisation)
    - - In thermal decomposition, a single substance breaks up into two or more simpler substances when it is heated.
    - - The use of electricity to cause chemical changes
        
        Electroplating (Coating an object with a thin layer of metal)
      - When electricity passes through water, hydrogen and oxygen are produced.
    - - Hydrochloric acid [HCl] is used to remove impurities such as rust from metals
      - Nitric acid [HNO3] is used in explosives and fertilizer
      - Sulfuric acid [H2SO4] is used in car batteries, detergents and fertilizers
      - Aqueous sodium hydroxide [Na(OH)3] is used in soaps
      - Aqueous potassium hydroxide [KOH] is used in soaps
      - Aqueous calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] or slaked lime is used to neutralise acidic soil
  - - - Boiling
      - Melting
      - Freezing
      - Mixing
      - Breaking
      - Dissolving
  - - - Red
        
        Turns blue
        
        Alkaline
      - Blue
        
        Turns Red
        
        Acidic :
    - - Below pH 4
        
        Red
      - Above pH 4
        
        Yellow
    - - Below pH 4
        
        Pink
      - Above pH 4
        
        Green
    - - Energy and power
    - - Below pH 10
        
        White
      - Above pH 10
        
        Blue
- - - - Light intensity
        
        require light energy from the sun to photosynthesis and make food
        
        affects rate of photosynthesis and growth of plants
        
        enables organisms to see so they can move about to find food and avoid danger
      - temperature
        
        adaptation to winter
        
        plants
        
        animals
        
        -hibernation
        
        migration to warmer climates for birds
        
        adaptation to extreme cold
        
        thick layer of fat
      - water
      - oxygen content
  - - - The study of interactions between organisms with one another and with their surroundings
    - - The place where an organism lives and reporoduces
    - - A group of interbreeding organisms that do not ordinarily breed with members of other groups
    - - A group of organisms of the same species hat live together in a habitat
    - - All populations that live and interact with one another in a particular habitat to make up a community
    - - An Ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with one another and its abiotic environment
- - - - Neutrons (0) = 1
      - electrons (-1) = 1/1836
      - Protons (+1) = 1
    - - Group number (vertical) is affected by valence electrons which determines the reactivity of element and chemical properties
      - Period number (horizontal) is affected by electron shells
      - drawing of diagram: 2 electrons in first shell, 8 max in each following shell, placement in NSEW, remember to have legend/key
      - Electronic configuration for example 2.8.2 ---> period 3, group 2
- - - - water is delivered to and stored in tanks at the top of most high-rise buildings.This causes the pipes below the tanks to beacome high pressure and ensures that water flows to the units below