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Inflammatory conditions of the eye - Coggle Diagram
Inflammatory conditions of the
eye
Inflammation of the orbit
Orbital cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is an infection of the fat and muscles around the eye.
Pathophysiology
The causative organisms of orbital cellulitis are commonly bacterial but can also be polymicrobial, often including aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and even fungal or mycobacteria. The most common bacterial organisms causing orbital cellulitis are Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci species.
Causes
It may occur as a result of trauma when contaminated material is introduced through the skin or paranasal sinuses
It may arise from the extension of sinus infection through the ethmoid bones
Causative organisms are those which are frequently found in the sinuses
Signs & symptoms
Painful swelling of the eyelid
Pain on eye movements
Proptosis
Limited eye movements and fever
Nursing interventions
Admitting affected patients to the hospital
Administer IV antibiotics as prescribed
Surgical drainage of the orbital abscess may be required
Inflammation of the eyelids
Hordeolum
is a tender red bump on the edge of the eyelid. It is an infection of a gland of the eyelid.
Pathophysiology
An internal hordeolum is a secondary infection of meibomian glands in the tarsal plate. Both types can arise as a secondary complication of blepharitis. Untreated, the disease may spontaneously resolve or it may progress to chronic granulation with formation of a painless mass known as a chalazion.
Causes
hordeolum is usually caused by a bacterial staph infection and results in pain, swelling, and redness. A hordeolum looks like a pus-filled lump or pimple at the edge of the eyelid.
Signs
Pain
Redness
Swelling
Nursing interventions & management
Warm compresses should be applied
Antibiotics ointments should be applied
Chalazion :
small, usually painless lump on the edge of the eyelid caused by blockage of the gland at the base of an eyelash.
Pathophysiology
chalazion forms due to obstruction of Meibomian or Zeis glands. Lipid breakdown products accumulate and leak into the surrounding tissue, causing a granulomatous inflammatory response.
Causes
A chalazion is caused by a blockage in one of the tiny meibomian glands of the upper and lower eyelids
Signs & symptoms
Painless bump in your eyelid, usually on the upper lid.
Mild irritation, causing your eyes to water.
Blurred vision from larger chalazia that push on the eyeball.
Nursing management
Warm compresses: Wet a clean washcloth with warm water. Hold it on the affected eye for 15 minutes. Do this at least three times a day to help the blocked oil gland open up.
Massage: Gently massage the eyelid a few times a day. Massage for a few minutes each day, using light to medium pressure. Gentle massage can help open the blocked oil gland.
Administration of antibiotics as prescribed
Blepharitis
This is a common condition that causes inflammation if the eyelid
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of blepharitis frequently involves bacterial colonization of the eyelids. This results in direct microbial invasion of tissues, immune system–mediated damage, or damage caused by the production of bacterial toxins, waste products, and enzymes
Causes
Include staphylococcus infection and seborrheic dermatitis ( scalp dandruff)
Red and inflamed skin on the face and eyelids
Clinical findings
Burning
Irritation
Itching & redness of the lid margins
Crusting of the eyelashes on awakening
Nursing management
Health education on warm compresses with a clean facecloth on the eyes
Scrub and clean the lid margins
Administer antibiotics as prescribed and lubricating eye drops
Inflammation of the lacrimal
apparatus
Dacryoadenitis
This is a rare condition causing inflammation of the lacrimal gland, which may be acute or subacute
Pathophysiology
infectious dacryoadenitis is thought to be caused by ascension of an inciting agent from the conjunctiva through the lacrimal ductules into the lacrimal gland.
Causes
Causative organisms in children include bacteria and viruses
Common causes include mumps, Epstein-Barr virus, staphylococcus, and gonococcus. Chronic dacryoadenitis is most often due to noninfectious inflammatory
Signs & symptoms
pain in the superolateral orbit
Pain with eye movements
droopy upper eyelid or difficulty opening the affected ey
occasionally double vision especially in up gaze or lateral gaze.
Dacryocystitis
This is an inflammation of the lacrimal sac
Pathophysiology
Yet, infectious dacryoadenitis is thought to be caused by ascension of an inciting agent from the conjunctiva through the lacrimal ductules into the lacrimal gland.
Causes
injury to the nose or eye, such as a broken nose
growths inside the nose called nasal polyps
sinus inflammation.
nasal or sinus surgery
foreign object in the duct.
Signs
pain, redness, and swelling in the inner corner of the eye.
watery eye.
swelling in the corner of the eye next to the nose
Watery eye
Eye redness
pus or mucus in the corner of the eye
Fever
Nursing management
Warm compresses and prescribed systemic antibiotics
Acute infection clearetion
Irrigation of lacrimal apparatus with saline
Inflammation if the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
Is the inflammation and infection of the conjunctiva
Pathophysiology
Conjunctivitis is defined as inflammation of bulbar and/or palpebral conjunctiva. Conjunctivitis has many etiologies, however the majority of instances can be induced by means of hypersensitive reactions or infection. Infective conjunctivitis is an contamination of the conjunctiva either brought about by viruses or bacteria.
Causes
Bacteria
Viruses
Fungi or parasitis
May be secondary to dermatitis and other allergic conditions
Signs & symptoms
Hyperaemia
Irritation and discharge
Chronic allergic or dry eye
Nursing management
Cleaning the eye discharge in cases of purulent discharge
Gently wipe from the lower lead with wet sterile gauze
Isolate the patient with the infection
Health education with regard to good hygiene, good hand washing and not sharing of face towels and stuff
Ophthalmia neonatorum
Definition
(conjunctivitis of the newborn) is an eye infection that occurs within the first 30 days of life. It is caught during birth by contact with the mother's birth canal that is infected with a sexually-transmitted disease.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology. Sympathetic ophthalmia is currently thought to be an autoimmune inflammatory response toward ocular antigens, specifically a delayed hypersensitivity to melanin-containing structures from the outer segments of the photoreceptor layer of the retina.
Causes
The main causative organism is the gonococcus
Clinical manifestations
Redness
discharge (may be profuse in gonococcal infection)
swelling of lids (may be severe)
symptoms usually bilateral
conjunctival oedema (‘chemosis’)
signs usually bilateral; may be asymmetrical
Nursing management
Encourage mother's to wash their hands before and after touching the baby
Swabbing the baby's eyes immediately
Instilling prescribed antibiotics
Nurses attending to the baby must wash their hands before,bin between and after each treatment
Refer mother's for a vaginal swab to find causative organism
Trachoma
Definition
contagious bacterial infection of the eye.
causing inflamed granulation on the inner surface of the lids.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology: Blindness from trachoma is due to recurrent episodes of lively infection over months to years. The initial infection is confined to the conjunctival epithelium and triggers an immune response imparting as conjunctival follicles.
Causes
Caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, trachoma is easily spread through direct personal contact, shared towels and cloths, and flies that have come in contact with the eyes or nose of an infected person.
Clinical manifestations
Mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids
Eye discharge containing mucus or pus
Eye swelling
Light sensitivity (photophobia
Eye pain
Eye redness
Vision loss
Nursing management
Antibiotic therapy
Encourage face washing and hang washing thoroughly
Do proper waste management
Do measures to control flies in the ward
Inflammation of the sclera
Episcleritis
Common benign inflammation of the episclera ( tissue between the conjunctiva and the sclera)
Pathophysiology
The inflammatory response is localized to the superficial episcleral vascular network, and histopathology shows nongranulomatous inflammation with vascular dilatation and perivascular infiltration. The two clinical types of episcleritis are diffuse and nodular/focal
Causes
Rheumatoid arthritis.
Inflammatory bowel disease.
Lupus
Crohn's disease.
Gout
Rocacea
Collagen vascular diseases.
Clinical manifestations
Eye redness
Irritation or burning
Light sensitivity
Nursing management
topical or oral anti-inflammatory agents maybe prescribed to relieve pain or in chronic/recurrent cases.
Administration of eye drops as prescribed
Scleritis
Definition :
Inflammation of the entire thickness of the sclera
Pathophysiology
The anatomical structure of the sclera includes an extracellular matrix of collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans that closely resemble the components of joints, causing it to be susceptible to inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis
Causes
joint swelling and stiffness (arthritis
lupus, or other connective tissue disease
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Eye infection
Symptoms
Eye pain;
Tenderness of the eye
redness and swelling of the white part of the eye
Blurred vision
Tearing
Extreme sensitivity to light
Nursing management
Administration of medicine to control inflammation
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin or ibuprofen for pain and inflammation
eye solutions or antibiotics
immunosuppressive drugs (drugs that weaken the response of the immune system) when the condition is severe
Inflammation of the cornea
Keratitis
Definition
An infection of the cornea and is a serious condition that can cause scarring of the cornea and blindness
Pathophysiology
Keratitis is a clinical entity wherein inflammatory cells infiltrate different corneal layers in response to noxious stimuli, either infectious exogenous agents or self-antigens. The inflammatory reaction may result in the suppurative melting of corneal epithelium and stroma, resulting in the formation of ulcers.
Causes
Injury. If any object scratches or injures the surface of your cornea, noninfectious keratitis may result. In addition, an injury may allow microorganisms to gain access to the damaged cornea, causing infectious keratitis.
Contaminated contact lenses. Bacteria, fungi or parasites — particularly the microscopic parasite acanthamoeba — may inhabit the surface of a contact lens or contact lens carrying case. The cornea may become contaminated when the lens is in your eye, resulting in infectious keratitis. Over-wearing your contact lenses can cause keratitis, which can become infectious.
:Viruses. The herpes viruses (herpes simplex and herpes zoster) may cause keratitis.
Bacteria. The bacterium that causes gonorrhea can cause keratitis.
Contaminated water. Bacteria, fungi and parasites in water — particularly in oceans, rivers, lakes and hot tubs — can enter your eyes when you're swimming and result in keratitis.
Clinical manifestations
feeling that something is in your eye
Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
Decreased vision
Difficulty opening your eyelid because of pain or irritation
Excess tears or other discharge from your eye
Eye redness
Nursing management
Administer antibiotics
Encourage good nutrition
Encourage good personal hygiene
References
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