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Digestive and Urinary System/Leslie Vieyra period 2 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System/Leslie Vieyra period 2
major functions of the digestive system
carries out the process of digestion
breaks down of food and absorption of nutrients
mechanical digestion: breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
chemical digestion: breaks down large nutrients molecules into smaller chemicals , by breaking chemical bonds
major functions of the urinary system
filters salts and wastes from blood
helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
regulates pH and body fluid volume
helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
major organs of digestive system:
alimentary organs:
salivary glands:
secretes saliva and contains enzymes which breaks down carbohydrates
liver
: produces bile which emulsifies fat
gallbladder
: stores and concentrates bile and releases it into small intestine
pancreas:
produces and secretes pancreatic juice, containing digestive enzymes
alimentary canal:
mouth
: mechanical breakdown of food; and begins chemical digestion of carbohydrates
pharynx:
connects the mouth with the esophagus; cone-shaped
esophagus
: peristalsis pushes food to stomach
stomach
: functions in secreting acid and enzymes, as well as mixing food with secretions to begin enzymatic digestion of proteins
large intestine
: absorbs water and electrolytes to form feces
rectum
: regulates elimination of feces
anus:
allows the muscles in the rectum to push the stool out
major organs of the urinary system:
kidneys
: filters the blood
ureters
: transports urine from kidneys to bladder
urinary bladder:
stores urine
urethra
: conveys urine to the outside of the body
digestive enzymes:
salivary amylase
: begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
pepsin
: begins protein digestion
pancreatic amylase
: breaks down starch into disaccharides
pancreatic lipase:
breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
nucleases
: breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
peptidase
: breaks down peptides into amino acids
sucrase, maltase, lactase:
breaks down disaccharides into monosaccharides
intestinal lipase
: breaks down fats into fatty acids
enterokinase:
converts trypsinogen into trypsin
location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule:
lipids
: organic substances that includes fats ( triglycerides, oils, phospholipids, and cholesterol) absorption occurs in the jejunum
carbohydrates
: organic compounds used as sources of energy.
ex
:sugar and starches, complex carbohydrates are broken down into monosaccharides (mainly glucose), which can be absorbed
proteins
: Large molecules composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the DNA coding for the protein.
layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
mucosa
: inner layer of the wall;a mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of tube;
function
protects tissues of canal and carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients ;
structure
:consist of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
submucosa
: lies under the mucosa;
structure
; consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands;
function;
allows the mucosa to flexibly during peristalsis
muscularis
:
function
; propels food through canals,
structure
: consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle which are the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
Serosa
: outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum;
function
protects underlying tissues,and secrets serous fluids to reduce friction in between organs
disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
digestive system disorders:
Cholecystitis
: an inflammation of gallbladder
symptoms
: tender abdomen, sweating, nausea
treatment options
: medication, fasting, and antibiotics
causes or risk factors:
diet, female, age
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD
): a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing the contents of the stomach to move back in the stomach
symptoms:
chest pain, heart burn, dry cough
treatment options:
prescription medication, surgery, over the counter medication (ex:tums)
cases or risk factors
: obesity, diarrhea, asthma
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
: a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation int he digestive tract
symptoms
: fever, anemia, weight loss
treatment options
: surgery, antibiotics, medication
causes or risk factors:
possibly genetics, environmental, or immune
peptic ulcers:
sores that develop in the lining of stomach of the duodenum
symptoms:
heartburn, severe chest pain, and vomiting
treatment options:
medication, endoscopic surgery
causes or risk factors:
imbalance in gastric juices, stress, smoking
colon diseases
colorectal cancer:
uncontrolled cell growth in the colon
symptoms:
change in bowel movements, bloody stool, weight loss
treatment options:
radiation therapy, chemotherapy, medication
causes or risk factors:
heredity, diet, chemical exposure
hemorrhoids
: inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
causes or risk factors:
obesity, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse
symptoms:
anal pain, rectal bleeding, lumps near anus
treatment options:
medication, surgical removal, injections
disorders of the urinary system
bladder cancer
: when all of the bladder grows abnormally , it can become bladder cancer
symptoms
: pain in lower abdomen, blood in urine, back pain
treatment:
medication, surgery
causes or risk factors:
smoking or inhaling tobacco smoke, exposure to workplace chemicals, bad balanced diet
urinary tract infection
: UTI is abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
treatment:
oral antibiotic pills, prenoazopyridine, call your doctor
symptoms:
burning with urination, pressure in lower pelvic area, fever and chills
causes or risk factors:
preganant women, sexually active, menopausal women
kidney stones:
when the urine has high levels of minerals and salts , hard stones can form
symptoms:
burning feeling while urinating, intense need to urinate, sharp and cramping pain
treatment options
: URS (ureteroscopy), percutaneous nephrolithotomy, and robotic surgery
causes or risk factors:
too much calcium in urine, overweight, type 2 diabetes
nephron anatomy and psychology:
nephron
: functional unit of the kidney; can produce urine independently
consists of a renal capsule and a renal tubule
there is about one million nephrons per kidney
renal tubule:
long pipe like structure containing the tubular fluid filtered through the glomerulus
**glomerular capsule:
the cup-shaped structure at the beginning of the nephron that surrounds the glomerulus and receives material filtered out of the blood/ is an expanded proximal end of a renal tubule
proximal convoluted tubule:
Functions in re absorption and secretion.
nephron loop:
a U-shaped tube that consists of a descending limb and ascending limb.
distal convoluted tubule:
plays a major role in acid–base balance.
collecting duct:
twisting tube that collects urine from the nephrons
renal corpuscle:
filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first step of urine formation
structure:consists of clutter of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a glomerular capsule, a cup shaped sac that receives filtrate