Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Jazmine Mendez P.7 Digestive &Urinary Systems - Coggle Diagram
Jazmine Mendez P.7 Digestive &Urinary Systems
Major Functions of Digestive System
Digestion- mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Swallowing mechanism
Stage two
trigger swallowing reflex involuntary
Epiglottis closes off the larynx
Stage 3
Peristalsis transports food from esophagus to stomach
Stage one
food is chewed mixed with saliva forming bullace and bolus
voluntary stage
forced into oropharynx with tongue
Mechanical digestion breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones
Chemical digestion breaks down large nutrition molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking chemical bonds
Secretion: Release of enzymes, hormones, and other substances
Absorption: Passage of digested nutrients from the gut lumen into the blood or lymph
Motility: Mechanical breakdown and mixing of ingested nutrients by smooth muscle movements, passage of nutrients through the digestive tract, and elimination of undigested or unabsorbed residues
Major Functions of Urinary System
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
filters salts and wastes from blood
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Major organs of Digestive system
Gallbladder
pear shaped sac on the inferior surface of the liver
cholesterol may precipitate gallbladder to form gallstones
stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Liver - responsible for metabolic activities such as metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
stores vitamins ABND and iron
filters the blood removing damaged red blood cells and for instance and ruled toxin's
Maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and other nutrients
role in digestion is to secrete bile
3 parts of stomach
Fundus-small, rounded region superior to cardia
pylorus- distal Portion near Small Intestine
Pyloric sphincter-end of pyloric canal , a muscular ring that controls release of food from stomach into Small intestine
Cardia-smll region near the opening of esophagus
Stomach- vascular organ in the upper left optimal quadrant
Begins suggestion of proteins limited absorption of nutrients occurs in stomach
stomach propels food through small intestine
Mixes food with digestive juices
Small Intestine
Function :
Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in the
Absorbs digestive end products
Receives pancreatic juice from pancreas and bile from liver and
gallbladder
Transports the remaining residue to the large intestine
Receives chyme from stomach
Parts of Small Intestine
Jejunum: makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine,
Ileum: most distal portion
Duodenum: the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the
stomach empties chyme
Movements
Peristalsis (propelling movements)
diarrhea can occur due to lack of absorption of water, nutrients, &
electrolytes
the waves are weak that it chyme
takes 3 –10 hours to travel the length of small intestine
Segmentation (mixing movements)
-contractile rings break up chyme and move it back
and forth,
Esophagus- muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
straight college side food passage leading to stomach
Lower esophageal sphincter helps prevent irrigation of stomach
Mucous glands scattered throughout submucous produces mucus too moist and lubricate inner lining of two
Large Intestine
Parts
Colon- ascending, transverse, descending, and
sigmoid regions
Rectum- straight section of large intestine
Cecum- pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
Anal canal - opens the anus to let feces out
absorbs water and electrolytes and forms and stores feces
Functions
muscus is the important secretion
does not digest or absorb nutrients
1.5 meters long
Movement
Peristaltic waves occur only 2 –3 times during
the day, after a meal, due to the gastrocolic reflex
Mixing and peristaltic movements are similar to small intestine but slow
defecation stimulated by defecation reflex
Pancreas
Pancreatic juice contains enzymes that digest carbohydrates
Pancreatic lipase breaks down triglycerides to glycerol and fatty
acids
bicarbonate ions, which create an
alkaline environment in the duodenum for enzyme function
Pancreatic amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
Major organs of urinary system
Ureters- transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary Bladder-stores urine
Kidneys- filter blood
Urethra- conveys urine to the outside of the body
Nephron anatomy &physiology
a function of kidney that produces urine independently
1 million nephrons per kidney
Renal Corpuscle
consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a glomerular capsule
Filtration structure that performs the first
step of urine formation
Nephron Structure
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glomerular capsule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Salivary glands
Salivary secretion -
serous cells that produce a watery fluid
containing salivary amylase, and mucous cells that produce
lubricating and binding mucus
Amylase breaks down starch into disaccharides
secrete saliva that moistens and dissolves food particles, binds them together
Movements of tubes
Propelling Movements
ring of contraction in a portion of the tube occurs
wavelike motion of peristalsis
allows a mass of food to be propelled to the next segment
Mixing Movements
Segmentation in the small intestine aids mixing by alternately
contracting and relaxing the smooth muscle
occurs when smooth muscle contract in small sections in tube
Mouth
mastication -receives food, and begins mechanical digestion
oral cavity
amilmentary casnal
Cheeks
involved in chewing and expression
form the lateral walls of the mouth
Lips -sensory receptors to detect the temperature and
texture of food
Tongue- covered in mucous membrane
taste buds
Lingual tonsils are lymphatic tissues
papillae provide friction for moving food in the mouth
Palate
Soft palate-muscular
hard palate - bony
uvula -closes off the
nasal cavity during swallowing
Pharyngeal tonsils - lymphatic tissue masses
Palatine tonsils- help protect body against infection
Teeth - two sets developed in the alveolar processes of maxillary and mandibular bones
Digestive Enzymes (name &function)
Sucrase, maltase, and lactase: break down disaccharides to
monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase: breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids and
glycerol
Peptidases: break down dipeptides to amino acids
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa
Is made of loose connective tissue, housing blood, nerves, glands and lymphatic vessels
vessels transport absorbed nutrients
underneath the mucosa
Muscularis
2 layers of smooth muscle
propels food through canal
Mucosa
mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
inner layer of the wall
Serosa
protects underlying tissues and secretes fluid to reduce friction
outer serous layer
Disorders
Digestive Diseases
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)- chronic complex intestinal condition causes inflammation indigestive tract, include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
treatment
surgery
fluid replacement
antibotics
causes
possibly:genetics
environment or immune
unknown
symptoms
fever
anemia
cramping
Peptic Ulcers - sores developing in lining of stomach or duodenum
treatment
medication
endoscopic surgery
lifestyle changes
causes
stress
imbalance in gastric juices
bacterial infection
symptoms
vomiting
weight loss
heartburn
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)- chronic disease occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes allowing contents of stomach move back into esophagus
treatment
over the counter medication
prescription medication
surgery
causes
pregnancy
smoking
frequent acid reflux
Symptoms
heartburn
sore throat
chest pain
Colon diseases
Diverticulitis -pouches form on the wall of colon
treatment
medication
surgery
antibotics
symptoms
fever& chills
nausea
LLQ pain
causes
smoking
obesity
infection
Polyps - growths
treatment
surgical removal
diet adjustment
none for medication
causes
heredity
diet
age
symptoms
diaherra
constipation
bloody stool
Cholecystitis -inflammatory of gallbladder
Treatment
fasting
medication
cholecystectomy
Causes
age
female
Symptoms
chills
tender abdomen
sweating
Urinary Diseases
Urinary Tract infection (UTI)-abnormal growth of bacteria that only effects women
Treatment
vaginal low dose estrogen
consuming probiotics, cranberry juice or pill
oral antibiotics
Symptoms
pain
pressure on lower pelvic area
burning when urinating
Causes
pregnant women
other health conditions
sexually active
Kidney Stones - urine has high levels of mineral salts kidney stones can form there are when four types of calcium stones, uric acid stones, infection stones and cytosine stones
treatment
wait till they pass when urinating
Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
surgery
causes
A diet that is high in animal protein and low in fruits and vegetables
From a UTI or reabsorb cysteine from the urine
too much calcium
symptoms
intense need to urinate
burning sensation when urinating
Sharp cramping pain in the backside
Bladder Cancer - body cells grow out of control bladder cancer will have one or more tumors in the bladder
causes
Cancer drugs
smoking or inhaling
Heredity
treatment
Limit exposure to workplace chemicals
Surgery
Eat well balanced diet
Symptoms
pain when passing urine
back pain
Urine in the blood back pain