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Digestive & Urinary System Stephanie Hernandez P. 7 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System Stephanie Hernandez P. 7
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Jejunum:
makes up the proximal two-fifths of the small intestine, has a slightly larger diameter than the ileum, and is more active in the digestion process
Duodenum:
the shortest and most fixed portion of the small intestine; the stomach empties chyme directly into the duodenum
Ileum:
most distal portion
Major functions of the urinary system
Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Bartter syndrome, any of several rare disorders affecting the kidneys and characterized primarily by the excessive excretion of potassium in the urine.
Crohn disease, chronic inflammation of the digestive tract, usually occurring in the terminal portion of the ileum, the region of the small intestine farthest from the stomach.
constipation, delayed passage of waste through the lower portion of the large intestine, with the possible discharge of relatively dry, hardened feces from the anus.
dysphagia, difficulty or pain in swallowing, caused by lesions or stricture of the upper digestive tract, obstruction of the upper digestive tract by tumours or foreign bodies, or disturbances in the nervous or muscular control of swallowing.
cholecystitis, acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, in most instances associated with the presence of gallstones.
enteritis, inflammation of the intestines (especially of the small intestine), caused by irritants, poisons, viral or bacterial infections, or unknown factors.
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Submucosa:
Lies under the mucosa and Consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and glands. It Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
Muscularis:
Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer
longitudinal layer and propels food through the canal
Mucosa:
The inner layer of the wall a mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube which Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth
muscle and Protects tissues of the canal
Serosa:
Outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum it Protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction
between organs
Major organs of the digestive system
Pharynx:
connects mouth with esophagus
Esophagus:
pushes food to stomach
Mouth:
mechanical breakdown of food
Stomach:
secretes acid and enzyme
Salivary glands:
secrete saliva which contains enzymes that initiate breakdown of carbohydrates
Nephron anatomy and physiology
About one million nephrons per kidney
Consists of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule
Functional unit of kidney; can produce urine independently
Renal corpuscle: Filtration structure in renal cortex, which performs the first step of urine formation. Consists of cluster of capillaries, the glomerulus, and a glomerular capsule, a cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
Renal tubule consists of the following parts, in this order: Glomerular capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, Nephron loop (descending and ascending limbs), Distal convoluted tubule, and Collecting duct
Major functions of the digestive system
Mechanical digestion
breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changed by this process
Chemical digestion
breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals, by breaking chemical bonds
Digestion:
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and absorption of nutrients
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Peptidase:
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase:
Break down disaccharides into
monosaccharides
Nucleases:
Break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Intestinal lipase:
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase:
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters
, which transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Urinary bladder
, which stores urine
Kidneys
, which filter the blood
Urethra
, which conveys urine to the outside of the body