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Charles’ aims and problems in 1625 + Early Reign - Coggle Diagram
Charles’ aims and problems in 1625 + Early Reign
Problems
Finance
funding for War
1 million of debt left from James on 1624
Religion
Tensions form spanish match remained
New French match was met with sceptisism
rumours of Catholicism due to his Arminian views
Parliament
had to dissolve and re-elect a parliament before he could get any subsidies etc...
Parliament wanted Fiscal reform
War
England were at war with Spain because of events in the palatinate
Needed to be funded with subsidies from Parliament
three subsidies granted in 1624 had been allocated for defence
Plague
June 1625 Parliament
Tonnage + poundage had been granted to every monarch before him for life, they did not grant it to Charles to create leverage for financial reform
continued to collect it illegally without parliaments permission
Foreign Policy
Charles wanted to reclaim the palatinate in a continental war, which included a naval expedition to Cadíz.
commons were reluctant to fund this due to a lack of detail and planning
Outbreak of the the plague, so they had to move to oxford
Finance
The Lord keeper suggested that Subsidies should take precedent over everything, MP's not happy about this
they did agree two subsidies worth no more than £140,000
Offered to Grant Charles Tonnage and Poundage for one year
The subsidies meant that Charles could not reasonably ask for more, and ensuring they could move onto other topics
Problem of Buckingham
Questions were being raised about the military experience and capability of Buckingham as the Admiral of the Navy
his justifications in a speech to parliament weren't accepted
Religion
Parliament expressed a concern at the lax enforcement of penal laws, but were told that this was under the king's prerogatgive
They weren't satisfied and insisted that laws against Catholic preachers and masses should be enforced
Used their demands as levarage, saying he would get no subsidies if he didnt listen
Renewed attacks on Montagu, whom Charles defended as an Arminianism and one of the royal chaplains.
Dissolution
Charles was fed up of the questioning etc and dissolved it in August 1625
Second Parliament February - June 1626
Charles Worries/suspicions
Suspicious of the intentions of parliament when they continued to pursue buckinghham
they warned him that an attack in his freind was an attack on himself
suspicious of the anti-arminian response in parliament
Reminded P. that they were only there because he called them, and that he could dismiss them at will.
Foreign Policy
1625 expedition to Cadíz was a total failure, soldiers dropped dead in cadiz, on the voyage home and at Plymouth
became an easy theme for attacks on Buckingham as he led this expedition with unprepared and outdated ships, as well as a lack of military experience
Deteriorating relationship with France
the ships that br lent them for a war against Spain were used for a war against the Huguenots - unpopular in england
Finance
less debated during this session
MP's determined on redress of grevience before supply
No subsidies were granted
Religion
Situation had eased due to a stronger enforcement of Catholic penal laws, Charles ent his wife servants back home
Laud preached at the opening that
Buckingham
The most important problem for this parliament
Some wanted to impeach him for high treason, including the poisoning of James 1. Lords were against him because of the imprisonment of Arundel for opposition to Buckingham. They refused to precede until he was released
commons started to impeach Buckingham
Some of the members who tried to impeach him were sent to the tower
Charles asked for subsidies and customs for life, but they demanded the dismissal of Buckingham and Ch dissolved the parliament
3rd parliament - 1628
He started off well by releasing those who he had imprisoned, but Charles use of prerogative soon came under attack
Mps were ready to gant five subsidies if their grievances were addressed, shown in the 'petition of right' 1928. .
Charles had to call this because he badly needed money
They challenged his taxation without parliament and imprisionment. He was still collecting customs duties illegally, allowed martial law to be imposed in areas, five knights
Petition of right
This defined royal prerogative and prevent Charles from interpreting his prerogative as he wished.
Both houses worked together to put this together
became part of the law when Charles assented
Charles wanted to send another expedition to La Rochelle so he agreed to the petition to get the subsidies
Eliot drew up an anti-arminian petition and tried to impeach a preacher, but Charles pardoned him.
They then turned to Buckingham, whom they described as the cause of their miseries, at this Charles prorogued the session and they argued over the collection of customs duties, which Charles insisted he had full right to do.
1626-28 discontent
Charles was greatly struggling to get money, even the city would not loan him more than £20000.
Charles had to go for a forced loan to fund his wars. As this was extra-parliamentary taxation, there was much opposition, but it was a success and raised £240,000
Some refused to pay this loan, the most notable being the five nights case, where the court ruled that improsining them was under his prerogative
War with France was on the horizon, something unheard of as they were at war with Spain alread. The La Rochelle invasion/attack failed as the scaling ladders were too short. 5000 out of 8000 dead.
Death of Buckingham
assassinated in an inn in portsmouth in 1628
Consequences
expedition to La Rochelle called off
Outbreak of public rejoicing. Public celebrated whilst Charles mourned
Charles was now alone
Queen started to influence Charles heavily
space for new ministers and advisors
1629 session of 3rd parliament
It was expected that this session would run smoother, but that was not the case
Petition of right and custom duties were still in question. CHales insisted he could still collect import duties as it dod not ban it specifiaclly
Religion was also in question, the rise of arminianism, Henrietta Marias influence, and the appointment of more Armenian bishops worried people, such as William laud bishop of London
These arguments led to the riotous scene in parliament
Charles imprisioned 9 MPs
Personal rule started