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Dictatorship and democracy
Dictatorship of Primo RIvera
Miguel Primo de Rivera
led a military coup
established a right- wing dictatorship
president of the government
put end to the problems
dictatorship
supported by
business owners
church
army
believed it would restore order
socialist trade unions
troduce social+ labour reforms
Domestic policy
Patriotic Union
official party of the dictatorship
objective was to re-establish order
eradicating terrorism
anarchist groups)
nationalism
banned nationalist symbols (flags /hymns)
dissolved Mancomunidad de Cataluña
suppressing demonstrations
PCE and CNT declared illegal
Foreign policy
definitive victory in the war in Morocco
success landing of Spanish troops at Alhucemas in 1925
staged a coordinated attack
air force
navy
ground troop
increased dictatorship's prestige
economy
build large public works
hydroelectric power stations,
reservoirs and canals
ports
railways
roads
create employment
State monopolies were also set up
Compañía Telefónica (1924)
CAMPSA (1927)
Two sides and international support
Republicans
represented by Manuel Azaña
president of the Republic,
loyal to the Republican government
received international support
Stalinist USSR supported a workers' revolution
help was limited however
provided
planes
military equipment
advisers
International Brigades
military units of voluntary civilian anti-fascists
Mexico sent supplies
food
health care
Nationalists
led by General Francisco Franco
in favour of the military uprising
supported
Nazi Germany +Fascist Italy
similarity of their ideologies
joined the Nationalist army
supplied a great quantity
planes
tanks
military equipment,
military equipment,
Portugal /Ireland supplied volunteers
joined the Nationalist army.
Second Spanish republic
The left-wing or reformist biennium (1931–1933)
government made up of republicans from various political parties
Niceto Alcalá Zamora president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña head of the government
new Constitution (1931)
most progressive constitutions
extensive citizens' rights it contained
reforms
Territorial reforms
Cataluña was given a statute of autonomy
process of autonomy was begun for País Vasco /Galicia
measures considered being attack on integrity of Spanish territory
by right-wing politicians
Military reforms
Azaña law
reduced the excessive number of army officers
prioritised promotion based on academic qualifications
rather than military achievements
aim of this law was
reduce+ modernise political power of the army
military leaders opposed
Agricultural reform
large agricultural estates were expropriated
land was divided among landless peasants
became small landowners
opposed
policy
slow implementation generated discontent
occupy land in Andalucía.. with protest
among rural working class
Labour reforms
Law of Labour Contracts
forced business owners to negotiate working conditions with trade unions
avoid strikes
established
eight-hour working day
minimum wage
paid holiday
Business owners were opposed
Educational reforms
free education system established
secular
mixed gender
compulsory
Pedagogical missions were created
taking culture to rural areas
Church felt this reform in attack on Catholicism
before provided primary/secundary education
attempted military coup in 1932
discontent in extreme right-wing political groups
failed
many strikes +confrontations with security forces
not accepted by most radical left-wing groups
Casas Viejas, Cádiz
peasants were killed
increased government's unpopularity
blamed for peasants death
Manuel Azaña resigned
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
October Revolution
Asturias a social revolution
miners took control of the coalfields
miners took control of the coalfieldst
Cataluña a political revolution
Lluis Companys proclaimed a Catalan state
protest against suspension of previous government's reforms
PSOE +PCE + help of main trade unions ( UGT /CNT)
(failed all across Spain)
revolution brought end army intervenation
Asturias troops
forcefully suppressed revolutionary movement
Cataluña removed the statute of autonomy
political tension and social discontent
by military repression of the working clas
forced government to hold new elections.
established a conservative government
Alejandro Lerroux new head of government
support of Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas
led by Gil Robles,
suspended previous reforms
The Popular Front (1936)
Left-wing parties formed a coalition
won elections of February 1936
Manuel Azaña became president of the Republic
Casares Quiroga became head of the government
agricultural reforms resumed
new expropriations
statute of autonomy of Cataluña was re-established
government reforms provoked
protests and violent clashes between
extreme right-wing militants
Falangists
extreme left-wing groups
anarchists
communists
radical left-wing groups
radical left-wing groups
occupation of land
Spanish civil war
Reasons for the outbreak
aims of the rebellion
end left-wing government reforms.
church opposed the secularisation of education
landowners discontent with expropriation of their lands
business owners opposed labour reforms
army unhappy with their political power loss
end the Republic +re-establish the political / social order
end public disorder
fear of a working class revolution
establish a communist regime
caused by extreme right-wing and left-wing militants
development of the war
March to Madrid
Nationalists
tried to occupy Madrid
seat of the Republican government
defeated in battles of Jarama + Guadalajara
led by General Franco,
Northern campaign
next objective for Franco taking
Cantabria
Asturias
País Vasco
(received its statute of autonomy in 1936)
mining and industrial area of Spain
Guernica (Vizcaya) was bombed
1937
Condor Legion (Nazi air force
Battle of the Ebro
Republicans began battle of the Ebro
stop the Nationalist advance towards Cataluña
Franco won the battle
1939 he entered Barcelona
end of the war
March
Nationalist army took Madrid
1 April 1939
war ended
consequences
Political
authoritarian regime was set up
dictatorship
not want reconciliation with Republicans
wanted Republicans annihilation
Economic
high economic losses due to destrution
infrastructure,
transport system
industrial areas
houses
Agricultural /industrial production fell by 25%
many people living in extreme poverty
Demographic
half a million Spanish people died
reducing population drastically
other half exiled to Latin America/France
Cultural
ideological repression was implemented
education
culture
Many teachers dismissed/executed
intellectuals
assassinated
García Lorca
exiled
Buñuel
Alberti
Antonio Machado
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