Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Management of tectonic hazards - Coggle Diagram
Management of tectonic hazards
Prediction and forecasting
Earthquakes
Cannot be predicted- even with years of research
Risk forecasting- high risk areas can be identified eg. areas likely to suffer liquefaction
'Seismic gaps'- areas that are overdue so they area high risk
Volcanoes
Can be predicted
Monitoring equipment can measure changes as magma chambers fill and eruption nears
Tiltmeters and strain meters record volcanoes 'bulging' as magma rises
Seismeters can measure minor earthquakes which could indicate eruption
Gas spectrometres- analyse gas, can point to an eruption
Developing countries- may not have technology to monitor or warn people
Hazard management cycle
Response- immediate help eg. rescue, emergency food and shelter
Recovery- rebuilding infrastructure and services, rehabilitating people and their lives
May take months or years depends on magnitude, development, gov and external help
Mitigation- acts to reduce the scale of next disaster eg. land-use zoning
Preparedness- community education and resilience building eg. how to act in event of hazard
(Repeat)
Stages of managing a disaster, in an attempt to reduce the scale:
Disaster modifcation
Modify the event
Before hazard, mitigate impacts by reducing areal extent, relies on technology (may not always be accessible to LICs)
Modify vulnerability
Before hazard, get people out of way or help cope with building resilience
Modify the loss
After hazard, reduce impacts by acting to aid recovery and reconstruction
Examples...
Land-use zoning- prevention of building on land vulnerable to hazards
Advantages- low costs, removes people from high risk areas
Disadvantages- prevents development on high value land eg. coastal tourism, requires strict planning rules
Aseismic buildings- buildings resistant to earthquakes
Cross bracing- more strength
Counter weights
Deep foundations
Hollow concrete bricks
Tsunami defences-
Advanatges- sense of security, prevents damage
Disadvantage- can be overtopped, high cost, eye sore, people may depend on them too much
Lava diversion
Advatages- diverts lava, relatively low cost
Disadvantages- doesn't work for 'killer volcanoes
Modifying vulnerability
increasing the resilience of a community to increase their capacity to cope
Hi-tech monitoring
Adavatages- can predict most volcanoes, warnings can save lives
Disadvatages- high cost developing countries can't afford, 'cry wolf' sydrome if predictions aren't right, doesn't prevent property damage
Community prepardness and education
Advantages- low cost, can save lives with small actions
Disdavatges- doesn't prevent property damage, hard to do in rural areas
Adaptation
Adavantages- save lives and property
Disdavatges- high population prevents it, disrupts peoples traditional homes and traditions
Modifying loss
Short term emergency aid
Advantages- reduces death toll saving lives
Disdavatges- high cost, difficult to do in isolated areas, emergency services limited and poor
Long term aid