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Human Physiology System - Coggle Diagram
Human Physiology System
Circulatory System
OVERVIEW
The body system responsible for carrying blood, nutrients, waste throughout the body.
COMPONENTS
The network consisting of
Blood vessels
Heart
Blood
Digestive System
OVERVIEW
The body system that converts food into energy and nutrients to fuel the body.
Moreover, the system of organs that are involved in the process of digestion and absorption.
The digestive system of mammals is divided into the gastrointestinal tract and accessory structures, such as
teeth, tongue, liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.
FUNCTION
During digestion, food particles are broken down to smaller components, which are later absorbed by the body.
This happens by both physical means, such as chewing, and by chemical means.
During absorption, the nutrients pass through the walls of the digestive tract and into the blood.
Respiratory System
OVERVIEW
Respiration is the process of gas exchange.
Divided into two parts
Upper respiratory tract – air get in and out from body.
Lower respiratory tract – system of passageways contain network of tubes
Occur at two levels
Internal respiration - at the level of the rest of the body (cell)
External respiration - at the level of lungs (alveoli)
Exchange of gases occurs continually between alveolar air and capillary blood.
PRIMARY FUNCTION
Exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the blood.
Protect from inhaled pathogens and irritating substances.
Homeostatic regulation of body pH.
Vocalization
Unirary System
FUNCTION
Excretion: Excretion involves the removal of liquid and gaseous wastes from the blood. Often, dissolved solids are present in the blood and are also removed through excretion.
Secretion: Secretion occurs through the production of urine. Once wastes have been removed from the blood, they are released (secreted) through urine.
Elimination: Elimination occurs when urine moves from the bladder to the urethra and then out of the body.
OVERVIEW
Produces, stores, and excretes urine via a filtration mechanism in which potentially harmful molecules are removed from the body.
Plays a crucial role in water homeostasis, electrolyte and acid-base balance, and red blood cell production.
Urinary tract is comprised of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, two sphincters, and one urethra.
Nervous System
OVERVIEW
Coordinates all activities of the body, and enables the body to respond and adapt to changes both inside and out.
divided into two parts
Central and Nervous system.
consists of two parts
Brain
-The Brain has 6 main sections which are Cerebrum, Cerebellum, Dien Cephalon, Midbrain, The Pons, and Medulla Oblongata.
Spinal Cord
-The Spinal Cord as the link between the brain and nerves in the rest of the body.
Peripheral Nervous System.
divide two small parts
Somatic
-Somatic responsible for carrying motor and sensory information.
Autonomic
-Autonomic also has a smaller part which is the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System. Sympathetic for escape the threat while Parasympathetic brings all systems of the body back to normal.
Endocrine System
OVERVIEW
-Act more generally to the entire body.
-Relies on Hormones which transported by blood and glands.
-Spread more slowly by effects last longer.
FUNCTION
Metabolism (the way you break down food and get energy from nutrients).
Growth and development.
Emotions and mood.
Fertility and sexual function.
Sleep.
Blood pressure.
Integumentary System
OVERVIEW
The integumentary system includes the epidermis, dermis, hypodermis, associated glands, hair, and nails.
The integumentary system is the largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and the internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain.
This system performs many intricate functions such as body temperature regulation, cell fluid maintenance, synthesis of Vitamin D, and detection of stimuli.
FUNCTION
Thermoregulation: The skin has a large surface area that is highly vascularized, which allows it to conserve and release heat through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Sensation- Skin innervation is by various types of sensory nerve endings that discriminate pain, temperature, touch, and vibration. Each type of receptor and nerve fiber varies in its adaptive and conductive speeds, leading to a wide range of signals that can be integrated to create an understanding of the external environment and help the body to react appropriately
Vitamin D : The primary sources of vitamin D are sun exposure and oral intake (crucial for bone health)
Immunity: The skin is the body’s first line of defense acting as a physical barrier preventing direct entry of pathogens. Resident immune cells, both myeloid and lymphoid cells are present in the skin.
Wound healing: When our body undergoes trauma with a resulting injury, the integumentary system orchestrates the wound healing process through hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling
ORGAN SYSTEMS
Hair: Mostly made up of a fibrous protein, with only a trace of lipids (fats) and water. Follicles, which are basic organs made up of cells called epithelial cells, produce hair. The cells that line the organs and serve as a protective barrier are known as epithelial cells.
FUNCTION
Help protect the skin.
Regulate body temperature.
Skin: The skin is the body's biggest and heaviest organ. It covers the full exterior of the body, from the top of the head to the end of the toes as a protective barrier
FUNCTION
Protection.
Immunity.
Sensation.
Excretion.
Endocrine.
Nails: Fingernails and toenails are made of a tough protective protein called alpha-keratin, which is a polymer.
FUNCTION
Protects the fingers and toes from injury.
Assists with the sense of touch.
Glands: There are four types of exocrine glands in the integumentary system, each of which secretes a material outside of the cells and body.
Sudoriferous glands: Perspiration glands are hollow, cylindrical structures beneath the surface of the skin that discharge sweat through extremely small pores on the skin's surface. Sudoriferous glands produce sweat to assist cool the body down when the temperature increases.
Mammary glands: Each side of the front of the chest wall has two mammary glands, one on each side. Mammary glands exist in both men and women, however they are undeveloped in males. After giving birth, the glands operate to create breastmilk in females. In young girls, the mammary glands are semicircular in shape, but as they age, the glands change their shape.
Ceruminous glands: Found in the ear canal, work with sebaceous glands to make ear wax (medically coined cerumen). Cerumen serves as a protective mechanism for the ear, keeping external invaders (such as bacteria and fungi) at bay and protecting it from physical harm.
Sebaceous glands: Little tubular-shaped glands in the dermis that release oil into the hair follicle to help lubricate and preserve the hair shaft, preventing it from becoming stiff and brittle.
Reproductive System
.
OVERVIEW
The system of organs and parts which function in reproduction consists in the male especially of the testes, penis, seminal vesicles, prostate, and urethra and in the female, especially of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, and vulva.
Male reproduction system
Passage and development of sperm from testis to oviduct
Urethra
Vagina
Cervix
Epididymis
Oviduct
Vas deferens
Ejaculatory duct
Seminiferous tubules in testes
Sperm has 3 parts
Tail - for movement
Middle piece - provide energy through mitochondria for movement
Head - contain nucleus
Female reproductive system
Implantation
Once the penetration & fertilisation happens, cell division will occur and form zygote
The zygote will further divides and form morula
The egg produce by ovary moves to fallopian tube for fertilisation
Morula will further divides and form blastocyst in which it has hollow fluid-filled
The blastocyst will implant at endometrial wall of uterus for the development of embryo
Menstrual cycle / Ovarian cycle
It is the process of producing egg or knows as ovulation
Upon the rupture in the ovary, the egg will move to fallopian tube for fertilisation
During 1st week, the uterine wall is shed, where the blood flow out from vagina
The endometrium wall will more thicken for the implantation of embryo.
On the 2nd week, the oestrogen is produce and it causes the thicken of endometrium wall of uterus
If no fertilisation occurs, the corpus luteum in ovary degenerates and there will be less progesterone and oestrogen in which it will causes the uterine wall to shed again and repeat the menstrual cycle.
The ovulation occurs on the 3rd week for fertilisation and pregnancy.
GENERAL FUNCTION
To transport and sustain these cells.
To nurture the developing offspring.
To produce hormones.
To produce egg and sperm cells.
Provides site for fertilisation if it occurs.
Gestating / growth of foetus if fertilisation occurs.
Provide nutrient during breastfeeding for female.
Immune System
PARTS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
White blood cells.
Antibodies.
Complement system.
Lymphatic system.
Bone marrow.
Spleen.
Thymus.
FUNCTION
To recognize and neutralize harmful substances from the environment
To fight disease-causing germs (pathogens) like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, and to remove them from the body
To fight disease-causing changes in the body, such as cancer cells.
OVERVIEW
The immune system keeps a record of every germ (microbe) it has ever defeated so it can recognise and destroy the microbe quickly if it enters the body again.
Abnormalities of the immune system can lead to allergic diseases, immunodeficiencies and autoimmune disorders.
The immune system is a complex network of cells and proteins that defends the body against infection.
Muscular System
OVERVIEW
Muscle is made of proteins called actin and myosin
A muscle unit is complex physiological structure that consists of a structure called a sarcomere, a nerve fiber supplying the sarcomere and surrounding connective tissue
Over 600 skeletal muscle account for about half of body weight (40%)
Skeletal bones attach to bones
Muscle pull on bones to move the body
Muscle make up the walls of many organs
Somatic motor signals move skeletal muscle
FUNCTION
For mobility
For stability
For posture
For circulation
For respiration
For digestion
For urination
For childbirth
For vision
For organ protection
For temperature regulation
TYPES OF MUSCLES
Skeletal muscle
Support and maintain the position of the bones, joints, and internal organs
Maintain optimum body temperature
Protect other organs of the body from external forces
Provide body posture and shape
Play a role in bodily movements
Smooth muscle
Cardiovascular system - lines the inner walls of blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
Genitourinary system - lines the urinary bladder & urinary tract and regulates flow of urine
Gastrointestinal tract - helps with the movement of food in digestive system
Genital system - causes contraction of uterus in women and release of sperm in men
Integumentary system - present in skin and raises hair with erector pili muscle
Respiratory tract - control the breathing using diaphragm
Special senses - causes dilation and contraction of pupil and changes the lens shape
Cardiac muscle
Makes up the mass of heart and it is involuntary control
Skeletal System
OVERVIEW
Skeletal system consists of more than bones. It include ligaments, tendons and cartilage
Adult human skeleton is made up of 206 bones
Thoracic cage: 25 bones
Shoulder gridle and upper limbs: 64 bones
Vertebral column: 33 bones
Pelvic girdle and lower limbs: 62 bones
Skull: 22 bones
Some bones produce red blood cells
Infants have more bones than adults (about 300 bones)
The skeleton protects vital organs
Bones can be classified into five types
Bones are grouped into axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Skull, Vertebral column, Thoracic cage
Shoulder girdle, Pelvic girdle, Upper & Lower Limbs
Long bones have three main parts to them
Interaction between the skeleton, muscles and nerves move the body
Some joints don't move or move very little
FUNCTION
Provides a site for haematopoiesis (blood cell formation) by red marrow cavities of bones
Protect internal organs
Provides a system with levers with which the skeletal muscle work to move the body
Stores and release fat
Supporting and protecting the body as an internal framework
Stores and release minerals
TYPES OF BONES
Flat bones
Sesamoid bones
Short bones
Irregular bones
Long bones