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Digestive Urinary system - Jaden Ross P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive Urinary system - Jaden Ross P.6
Major functions of the digestive system
Take in food
Break it down into nutrient molecules
Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
Rid body of any indigestible remains
Major functions of the urinary system
Regulating total water volume and total solute concentration in water
Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular fluid (ECF)
Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
Producing erythropoietin (regulates blood pressure and renin (regulates RBC production)
Activating vitamin D
Carrying out gluconeogenesis, if needed
Major organs of the digestive system
Alimentary canal (gastrointestinal or GI tract or gut)
Continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to anus
mouth
breaks up food particles
pharynx
Food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
Allows passage of food, fluids, and air
esophagus
Flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
Gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter surrounds cardial orifice
Keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed
stomach
Stomach is a temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
Converts bolus of food to paste-like chyme
large intestine
reabsorbs some water and ions; forms and stores feces
small intestine
completes digestion
mucus protects gut wall
absorps nutrients, most water
subcrase digest sugars
amalyse digests polysaccharides
anus
opening for elimination of feces
Accessory digestive organs
teeth
lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla
Mastication: process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments
tongue
Initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste , chewing, and Formation of bolus, mixture of food and saliva
gallbladder
chief function is storage of bile
digestive glands
: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
salvatory gland
Serous cells: produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin
Mucous cells: produce mucus
liver
digestive function is production of bile
pancreas
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Major organs of the urinary systems
Ureters: transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Urinary bladder: temporary storage reservoir for urine
Urethra: transports urine out of body
kidneys: removes the waste from the blood
Digestive enzymes
amylase: saliva begins breakdown of starch
Pepsinogen: inactive enzyme that is activated to pepsin by HCl and by pepsin itself (a positive feedback mechanism)
Lipases : Digests ~15% of lipids
digestive enzymes in pancreas:
Proteases (for proteins): secreted in inactive form to prevent self-digestion
Lipases (for lipids)
Nucleases (for nucleic acids)
Amylase (for carbohydrates)
Layers of the GI tract
Peritoneum: serous membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of
Visceral peritoneum: membrane on external surface of most digestive organs
Parietal peritoneum: membrane that lines body wall
Mucosa
Tunic layer that lines lumen
Functions: different layers perform one or all three
Absorbs end products of digestion
Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
Protects against infectious disease
Submucosa
Consists of areolar connective tissue
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and submucosal nerve plexus that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
Has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal
Muscularis externa
Muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
Contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Circular layer thickens in some areas to form sphincters
Serosa
Outermost layer, which is made up of the visceral peritoneum
Peritoneal cavity
– Fluid-filled space between two peritoneums
– Fluid lubricates mobile organs
Mesentery: double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back
– Extends from body wall to digestive organs
– Provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves
– Holds organs in place and also stores fat
Retroperitoneal organs: located outside, or posterior to, the peritoneum
– Includes most of pancreas, duodenum, and parts of large intestine
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis
:inflammation of the gallbladder
Causes: diet, female, gallstones
symptoms: chills, fever, tender abdomen
treatment: antibiotics, meds, fasting
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD):
: a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes and makes the contents of the stomach go to the esophagus
causes: frequent acid reflux, obesity, diabetes
symptoms: chestpain, sour taste, dry cough
treatment: surgery, meds
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBS
) : caused inflammation in the GI tract (crohns disease)
causes: unknows possibly genetic, environmental
symptoms: cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia
treatment: surgey, antibiotics, meds
Peptic Ulcers:
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach
causes: bacterial infection, stress, smoking
symptoms: heart burn, weight loss, bloating
treatment: lifestyle change, endoscopic surgery, medication
Hemorrhoids
: inflamed veins in the rectum
causes: obesity, pregnancy, or anal intercourse
symptoms: anal pain, feces leakage, rectal bleeding
treatment: injections, medications, surgery
Urinary Diseases:
Bladder Cancer:
when the cells of the bladder grow abnormally and cause tumors
causes: smoking, radiation, cancer drugs
symptoms: back pain, pain when you pee,
treatment: avoiding work chemicals, drink lots of water, balanced diet
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI):
abnormal growth of bacteria along the urinary tract
cause: sexual activity,pregnancy, diabetes
symptoms: buring while peeing, cloudy pee, blood in urine
treatment: antibiotics, over the counter meds
Kidney Stones:
when urine has high levels of minerals and salts that form hard stones
causes: to much calcium, over weight, diabetes
symptoms: burning while peeing, frequent need to pee, sharp cramping
treatment: meds, surgery, wait for it to pass
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
carbohydrate digestion:
mouth: Salivary amylase
small intestine: Pancreatic
amylase
small intestine: Brush border enzymes in small intestine
absorption
:
• Glucose and galactose are absorbed
via cotransport with Na+. • Fructose passes via facilitated
diffusion. • All monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
protein digestion:
stomach: Pepsin (stomach glands) in presence of HCl
small intestine: Pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase) & Brush border enzymes (aminopeptidase, carboxypeptidase, and dipeptidase)
absorption:
• Amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with Na+.
• Some dipeptides and tripeptides are absorbed via cotransport with H+ and hydrolyzed to amino acids within the cells.
• Infrequently, transcytosis of small peptides occurs.
• Amino acids leave the epithelial cells by facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
fat digestion
mouth: Lingual lipase (minor importance)
stomach: Gastric lipase (minor importance)
small intestine: Emulsification by the detergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver & Pancreatic lipases
absorption:
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells via diffusion.
• Fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombined to form triglycerides and then combined with other lipids andproteins within the cells. The resulting chylomicrons are extruded by exocytosis.
• The chylomicrons enter the lacteals of the villi and are transported to the systemic circulation via the lymph in the thoracic duct.
• Some short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood in the villi by diffusion, and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
nucleic acid digestion
small intestine: Pancreatic ribo- nuclease and deoxyribonuclease & Brush border enzymes (nucleosidases and phosphatases)
absorption:
• Units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers.
• Units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein.
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium
Allows for efficient filtrate formation
Glomerular capsule
Also called Bowman’s capsule: cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus
Parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
Visceral layer : clings to glomerular capillaries; branching epithelial
Renal tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
– Cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
Increase surface area
Functions in reabsorption and secretion
Nephron loop
U-shaped structure consisting of two limbs
descending limb
ascending limb
Distal convoluted tubule
– Cuboidal cells with very few microvilli
– Function more in secretion than reabsorption
– Confined to cortex