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Digestive & Urinary System- Kaylyn Ganiron (P.5) - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System- Kaylyn Ganiron (P.5)
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Urinary
filter salts + wastes from blood
maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes + water
regulate pH + body fluid volume
control RBC production + BP
expell urine out from body
Digestive
break down food
absorb the nutrients
chemical digestion
mechanical digestion
feces forming
chyme formation
MAJOR ORGANS
Urinary
Ureters
passageway
begins as the funnel-shaped renal pelvis
muscular tube that conveys urine
one-way valve
functions: prevents backflow
Urethra
tubular organ
in females = 4cm long
in males= much longer than females, runs through the prostate gland + penis
functions: that transports urine and conveys urine to outside of body
kidney
bean-shaped organ
reddish- brown color
located behind the parietal peritoneum
functions: regulate the volume, composition + pH of body fluids, removes metabolic wastes, and regulates rate of RBC formation
urinary bladder
functions: stores urine + excretes it through urethra
hollow, distensible, muscular organ
located in pelvic cavity
lower bladder forms the internal urethral sphincter
Digestive
small intestine
long tubular organ
runs from stomach to beginning of large intestine
functions: received chyme and pancreatic juice and bile, finishes digestion, and transports remaining residue to large intestine
large intestine
larger than small intestine
functions: absorbs water + electrolytes + forms and stores feces
opens to outside of body as the anus
gallbladder
can be removed
pear-shaped sac
inferior surface of the liver
functions: store bile (and forms gallstones)
pancreas
accessory organ
both endocrine and exocrine gland
exocrine function = produce pancreatic juice
stomach
J-shaped
muscular organ
located in upper left abdominal quadrant
functions: begins digestion of proteins, receive food, mix food, and propel food
chemical and mechanical digestion
esophagus
straight, collapsible food passageway
gate-like
functions: produce mucus to moisten + lubricate the inner lining of the tube, and helps prevent regurgitation
liver
located in the upper right quadrant of the abdominal cavity
body´s largest internal organ
reddish-brown color
divided into large right and left lobes
functions: responsible for many metabolic activities, maintains proper blood concentrations, stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins, and filters blood
alimentary canal/ gi tract
muscular tube
passes through thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
function: food passageway between the mouth + anus, propelling and mixing movement
4 layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa
DIGESTIVE ENZYMES
peptidases
break down dipeptides to amino acids
sucrose, maltose, and lactose
break down disaccharides to monosaccharides
intestinal lipase
breaks down triglycerides to fatty acids + glycerol
LAYERS OF GI TRACT
i. mucosa
inner layer of the wall
functions: protects tissue of the canal and carries on secretion + absorption of dietary nutrients
mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of tube
in contact w/ food
in order from inner to outer
ii. submucosa
lies under mucosa
functions: nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal, vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
loose connective tissue
iii. muscularis
consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle:
inner circular
outer longitudinal layer
function: propel food through canal
iv. serosa
outer serous layer
visceral peritoneum
functions: protects underlying tissues, secretes fluid to reduce friction between organs
NEPHRON ANATOMY + PHYSIOLOGY
functional unit of kidney
function: produce urine independently
about 1 million nephrons per kidney
consists of a renal corpuscle + a renal tubule
renal corpuscle
filtration in renal cortex (performs the first step in urine formation)
renal tubule
returns nutrients, fluids + other substances to body
glomerular capsule: 1st step in filtration of blood to urine; cup-shaped sac that receives filtrate
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop: reabsorbs water and is a u-shaped tube
distal convoluted tubule
collecting duct: several distal convoluted tubules join together
DISORDERS
Urinary
bladder cancer
when your body cells grow out of control
causes or risk factors: smoking, workspace chemicals, and radiation
symptoms: blood in urine, back pain, frequent and urgent urination
treatment options: chemotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy
urinary tract infection (UTI)
causes or risk factors: menopausal women, pregnant women, sexually active women
symptoms: burning urination, cloudy urine, back pain, and blood in urine
treatment options: oral antibiotic pills, consuming probiotics, sterilizing pills
the abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
kidney stones
causes or risk factors: obesity, weight loss surgery, drinking too much or too little water
symptoms: frequent urination, vomiting, dark or red urine
treatment options: surgery, medication, or waiting for the stones to pass by itself
when the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones may form
Digestive
malnutrition
poor nutrition that results from either from a lack of essential nutrients or a failure of utilizing them
overnutrition/ undernutrition
can result from: lack of available food, poor quality of food, overeating, or too many vitamin supplements
cholecystitis
an inflammation of the gallbladder
causes or risk factors: age, female, gallstones, and digestive tumors
symptoms: chills, bloating, vomiting, and fever
treatment options: medication, fasting, and antibiotics
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
causes or risk factors: smoking, diabetes, and weakened esophageal sphincter
a chronic disease that occurs when the esophageal sphincter relaxes
symptoms: chest pain, sore throat, acid reflux, and sour taste
treatment options: surgery, over the counter meds, and medication
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
causes or risk factors: causes are unknown, genetics, immunity
a chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation in the digestive tract
symptoms: cramping, anemia, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain
treatment options: antibiotics, surgery, medication, and diet adjustment
peptic ulcers
causes or risk factors: smoking, stress, excess acid production
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum
symptoms: heartburn, bloody vomit, weight loss, and nausea
treatment options: medication, lifestyle changes, and endoplasmic surgery
colon disease
causes or risk factors: obesity, anal intercourse, pregnancy, and chronic diarrhea
causes or risk factors: diet, stress, lifestyle, and hormonal
treatment options: medication, surgical removal, and injections
treatment options: diet, medication, and lifestyle change
hemorrhoids- inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
symptoms: anal itching, anal pain, and rectal bleeding
spastic colon or IBS- abnormal abdominal conditions
symptoms: cramping, mucus in stool, diarrhea, and bloating