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WW2 impact on US minorities - Coggle Diagram
WW2 impact on US minorities
Japanese Americans
Impact
Approx. 112 000 Japanese were shipped to the remotest parts of Utah, California, Arizona, Wyoming and Arkansas
Placed behind barbed wire in
relocation camps
Even when
2/3 were born in the US
Were released in 1944, but the 3 Japaneses
attacked in court suited in federal courts against the U.S. government
"Officials suppressed material that could have led the high court to prohibit internment"
200 000 dollars
were given to
each person
who spent an average of
1 100 days in secluded camps
. A total of 24 billion dollars
US Measures
Rooselvelt signed
an order empowering the Secretary of War to expel
Japanese and incarcerate them in internment camps
Germans and Italians weren't singled out for punishment
Reports about
espionage were disputed by the FBI
"Every complaint in this regard has been investigated, but in no case has any
information been obtained which would substantiate the allegation
"
But, the
government convinced the Supreme Court
that the
Japanese were risks
and there was a necessity for their incarceration
The information about the
dispute was suppressed and not passed on to the Supreme Court
The government presented a case against 3 Japanese. Their lowers argued that the actions were
racial measures and violated the equal protection of the laws
The Supreme Court
reversed
itself and freed the Japanese-Americans in 1944
Context
After Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
Japanese Americans were accused of espionage and disloyal conduct
They arrived around 1924, were
hard workers, diligent, competitive and independent.
Virtues attributed to Americans
But were
victims of prejudices and massive hysteria
Mexican Americans
Context
Because of
WW2 many workers went off to war
Industries experienced acute labor shortages
As a
result women and African American entered industries
US Measures
Created the
Bracero Program in 1942
, an agreement with
Mexico
Brought mexicans to
work primarily in agriculture
Also used to
work in various industries
Impact
The
Bracero population in Philadelphia numered approx. 1000
The Philadelphia's international institute formed the
Philadelphia Regional Committee of Mexican War Workers
Supported workers
and addressed some of the difficulties they faced
Hepled with weekly English classes
, recreational activities, shopping and made Sunday evening parties
Was called upon to
mediate contract disputes
. Like deductions prom paychecks for food or health insurance
Many Mexican American
migrated
to the cities in the
40s and 50s
A big incident called
"zoot suit"
happened, where
Mexican Americans were beaten up
wherever they were seen
After war,
Mexicans were required to return to Mexico
The experienced expanded the horizons of Mexicans,
wanted better education, jobs and to end discrimination
Considered themselves as Americans and wanted full civil rights
G.I. Bill act was created
, giving Mexicans more
opportunities in America
, better education, employment and insure
Navajo Code Talkers
Context
Japanese were highly skilled at decoding
American military
messages
having English speakers in their side.
For that reason, U.S officials developed
complex codes like
Navajo
.
Philip Johnston
believed that
Navajo
could be
useful for coded messages
for two reasons:
Very complex oral language
Few people outside Navajo understand it
Impact
It had a huge impact in key battles in the
Pacific during WWII.
Specially in the first two days of
Iwo Jima battle
,
transmitting more than 800 messages without an error
It remained
classified until 1968
because of its relevance for the army.
U.S measures
In
1942 the Marines took Johnston idea
and recruited Navajo men as radio and code operators.
The first group included
29 Navajos and more than 200 terms
used for coding like:
The phrase
da-he-tih-hi
which meant
fighter plane
.
The word
gini
which meant
drive bomber
.
By: Matteo Gómez, Gonzalo Benavides and Roberto Urquieta