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Jenesis Perez Per.5 Digestive & Urinary System - Coggle Diagram
Jenesis Perez Per.5
Digestive & Urinary System
Major organs of the urinary systems
Urinary bladder
Hollow
Stores urine
excretes the urine through the urethra
Urethra
transports urine from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body
females
4 cm long
opening between the vaginal
opening and the clitoris
males
the urethra is much longer
serves both the urinary and reproductive systems
it runs through the prostate gland and penis
Ureters
Muscular tube that conveys urine from the kidney to the
urinary bladder
one way valve
Kidneys
bean-shaped organ
forming urine
reddish brown
Regulate the volume, composition, and pH
Major functions of the urinary system
Helps control red blood cell production
excretes urine
Filters salts and wastes from the blood
Major organs of the digestive system
Large Intestine
diameter is larger
than that of the small intestine
Absorbs water and electrolytes
forms and stores feces
Parts of the LI
Cecum
pouch at the beginning of the large intestine
consists of the appendix
Colon
ascending, transverse, descending, and
sigmoid regions
Rectum
straight section which is next
to the sacrum
Anal canal
opens to the outside as the anus
guarded by an involuntary internal anal sphincter and a voluntary external anal sphincter
Esophagus
muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
Mucous glands scattered throughout submucosa layer that produces mucus to moisten and lubricate the lining
Pharynx
The throat that is a cavity lying posterior of the mouth
Small Intestine
long tubular organ
runs from the stomach to the beginning of the large intestine
Receives chyme from stomach
digestion of nutrients
Transports the remaining residue to the large intestine
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Stomach
J-shaped muscular organ
Receives food
Mixes food with digestive juices
digestion of proteins
Propels food to the small intestine
Mouth
used for both chemical and mechanical digestion
lips, cheeks, tongue, teeth and soft/hard palate
Major functions of the digestive system
chemical digestion
breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals
breakdown of foods
mechanical digestion
breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones
absorption of nutrients
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Intestinal mucosal cell
Peptidase
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
Break down disaccharides into
monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Pancreas
Pancreatic amylase
Breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic enzymes
Chymotrypsin, Trypsin, Carboxypeptidase
Break down proteins or partially digested
proteins into peptides
Nucleases
Break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Pepsin
Comes from Gastric chief cells and it begins protein digestion
Salivary amylase
Comes from the Salivary glands and it does carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Proteins
Protein requirements vary according to body size, metabolic rate,
nitrogen requirements, and activity level
Ex: enzymes, hormones, antibodies
Lipid
Supply energy for cellular processes, build structures like cell
membranes, and synthesize certain hormones
Digestion
Liver can convert fatty acids from one form to another
Liver regulates amount of lipids and cholesterol in circulation, by converting free fatty acids into triglycerides, phospholipids, and lipoproteins
fats (triglycerides), oils,
phospholipids, and cholesterol
Carbohydrates
examples: sugars and starches
complex carbohydrates are broken down into
monosaccharides or glucose
used as primary source of cellular energy
Forms ingested are meat, grain, honey, fruits, milk sugar, cane
sugar, beet sugar, molasses
Digestion
Excess glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver or is converted into triglycerides also known as fat and stored in adipose tissue
Liver converts fructose and galactose into glucose
Monosaccharides absorbed in the small intestine are fructose,
galactose, and glucose
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach)
Muscularis
Propels food through the canal
Serosa
Outer serous layer
Protects underlying tissues
secretes serous fluid to reduce friction
between organs
Submucosa
under the mucosa
housing blood and lymphatic vessels,
nerves, and glands
Vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Mucosa
inner layer
Carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal corpuscle
Filtration structure
first step of urine formation
Renal tubule
Glomerular capsule
Proximal convoluted tubule
Nephron loop
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct
Functional unit of kidney
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
treatment is medication, antibiotics, fluid replacement, surgery
Symptoms may be abdominal pain, cramping, anemia, diarrhea, fever
Caused by causes are unknown, probably genetics, environment, or immune
chronic complex intestinal condition that causes inflammation
Peptic Ulcers
Symptoms may be heart burn, nausea, vomiting, bloating, bloody vomit, severe chest pain
treatment is lifestyle changes, medication, endoscopic surgery
Caused by imbalance in gastric juices, bacterial infection, stress, alcohol abuse
sores that develop in the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Caused by obesity, diabetes, frequent acid reflex
Symptoms may be chest pain, heart burn, dry cough, acid reflux
chronic disease where contents of the stomach move back into the esophagus
treatment is medication, prescription, surgery
Colon Diseases
Hemorrhoids
Caused by straining bowel movement, obesity, chronic diarrhea, anal intercourse, pregnancy
Symptoms may be rectal bleeding, anal pain, feces leakage, anal itching
inflamed veins in the rectum or anus
treatment is medication, surgical removal, injections
Spastic Colon or IBS
Symptoms may be abdominal pain, cramping, constipation, diarrhea, bloating and gas
Caused by diet, lifestyle stress, hormonal
abnormal abdominal conditions
treatment is medication, diet, lifestyle change
Cholecystitis
Caused by blockage by gall stones
Symptoms may be Vomiting, fever, bloating, abdominal tenderness
Inflammation in the gallbladder
treatment is Medication, Antibiotics, cholecystectomy
Urinary Diseases
Bladder cancer
treatment is chemotherapy, surgery, immunotherapy
Symptoms may be blood in urine, back pain, frequent and urgent urination
Caused by smoking, workplace chemical and radiation
When your bladder cells grow out of control
Urinary tract infection
Caused by menopause, pregnancy, and sexually active woman
Symptoms may be burning urination, cloud urine, back pain, blood in urine
abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract
treatment is oral antibiotics, probiotics, sterilizing pills
Kidney stones
Caused by obesity, weight loss surgery, drinking, too much or too little water
Symptoms may be frequent urination, vomiting, darker or red urine
high levels of salts and minerals
treatment is medication and surgery