Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Digestive & Urinary System P5 Joseph Gonzales - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System P5 Joseph Gonzales
Layers of the GI tract
mucosa
tunic layer that lines lumen
absorbs end products of digestion
secretes mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
protects against infections/disease
submucosa
consists of areolar connective tissue
contains blood and lymphatic vessels
has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after strong meal
Serosa
outermost layer; which is made of visceral peritoneum
Muscularis
muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers
Major functions of the digestive system
Swallowing mechanism
Second Stage
Triggers swallowing reflex (involuntary)
Epiglottis closes off the larynx
Peristaltic wave begins in the pharynx, and proceeds toward the esophagus
Breathing is inhibited briefly
Third Stage
Peristalsis transports food from esophagus to stomach
Peristalsis
series of wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract.
First stage
voluntary stage
food is chewed and mixed with saliva, forms a bolus
Bolus is forced into the oropharynx with the tongue
Chemical Digestion
breaks down large nutrient molecules into
smaller chemicals, breaking chemical bonds
Mechanical Digestion
breaks down large pieces of food into
smaller ones
chemical composition is not changed by this process
alimentary canal
Muscular tube that passes through thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavities
Structure of canal
mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Digestive enzymes
Salivary amylase
Salivary glands
Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking
down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin
Gastric chief cells
Begins protein digestion
Pancreatic amylase
Pancreas
Breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreas
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic enzymes, Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Carboxypeptidase
Pancreas
Break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
Nucleases
pancreas
Break down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Peptidase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Intestinal lipase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase
Intestinal mucosal cells
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Major functions of the urinary system
helps maintain normal concentration of electrolytes and water
regulates pH and body fluid
filters salts and wastes from the blood
helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Colorectal Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth in colon
heredity, lifestyle, diet, radiation, chemical exposure, surgical history
symptoms: change in bowel movement, bloody stool, weight loss, bloating, fatigue, pelvic pain
treatment: surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, medication
Polyps
growths in colon
age, heredity, history of polyps, diet
asymptomatic, change in bowel movements, bloody stool, diarrhea, constipation
treatment: none, surgical removal, diet adjustment
Peptic Ulcers
a sore that develops on the lining of the esophagus, stomach
bacteria, when stomach acid damages lining of digestive tract,
symptoms: growing or burning pain in middle or upper stomach between meals, bloating, heart burn
treatments: antibiotics, proctor pump inhibitor, penicillin, therapeutic endoscopy
Bladder Cancer
body cell growth our of control, form a lump (tumor), starts inside the lining of bladder
two types: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, muscle -invasive bladder cancer
NMIBC, 90% begin in lining, grows in thin tissue, does not spread outside
symptoms: back pain, pain when peeing, pain in lower abdomen, frequent urination, blood in urine
treatment: eat well-balanced diet, urologist
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
ongoing inflammation of all or part of digestive system
defective immune system (unknown cause)
symptoms: diarrhea, rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, fatigue, weight loss
treatment: bowel resection, dietary fiber, enema
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
very common in women, abnormal growth/bacteria,
cystitis (bladder infections), urethritis (urethra infections), kidney stones
symptoms: Burning urination, pain pelvic region, blood in urine
treatment: antistatic pills, phenzophedine
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
digestive disease in which the stomach acid or bile imitates the food pipe lining
weakness or relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
symptoms: heartburn, belching, nausea, regurgitation, bitter taste
treatments: antiacid, proton-pump inhibitor, antidiarrheal, elevate head
Kidney Stones
hard deposits of minerals and acid salts that stick together in concentrated urine
drinking too little water, exercise too little/too much, obesity
pain in the back/side, pain when urinating, nausea/vomiting, blood in urine, sweating
Treatment options: Narcotic, Diuretic, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, supportive care, medical procedure
Chloecystitis
inflammation of the gallbladder, often caused by stones that block the tube leading to the gallbladder
old age, female gender, obesity, family history, rapid weight loss
symptoms: pain in abdomen, shoulder or upper right abdomen, bloating, chills, fever nausea
treatments: antibiotics, penicillin, surgery (cholecystectomy), iv fluids
Major organs of the digestive system
mouth
breaks up food particles
liver
produce bile
pancreas
supplies most enzymes needed to digest chyme
gallbladder
storage of bile
stomach
stomach is a temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion
converts bolus of food to chyme
small intestine
completes digestion
absorbs nutrients, mostly water
mucus protects gut wall
esophagus
flat muscular tube that runs from larynopharynx to stomach
gastroesophageal sphincter surrounds cardial orifice
closed when food is not being swallowed
large intestine
reabsorbs some water and irons; and stored feces
anus
opening the exit for feces
pharynx
food passes from mouth oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
allos passage of food, fluids and air
Major organs of the urinary systems
Urethra
conveys urine to the outside of the body
Ureters
transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Kidneys
filters the blood
Urinary Bladder
stores urine
Nephron anatomy and physiology
nephron loop
ascending limb
descending limb
Glomerulus
allows for elicit filtrate formation
Proximal convoluted tubule
increase surface area
functions in reabsorption and secretion
distal convoluted tubule
functions more in secretion than absorption
glomerular capsule
visceral layer; clings to glomerular capillaries branching epithelial
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
The duodenum is where the majority of the digestion occurs while the jejunum and ileum is where the absorption takes place.
ingestion
propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
nutrients pass through the intestinal lining into the blood and lymph
carbohydrate digestion
small intestine: brush border enzymes in small inestine
mouth: salivary amylase
small intestine: pancreatic amylase
absorption
glucose and galactose are absorbed by contransprt with na+ fructose passes via facilitated diffusion. a;; monosaccharides leave the epithelial cells via facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
fat digestion
absorption
fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the intestinal cells by diffusion
fatty acids and monoglycerides are recombines to form triglycerides and then combined with the other lipids and proteins within the cells
some short-chain fatty acids are absorbed, move into the capillary blood in the villi by diffusion and are transported to the liver by hepatic portal vein
small intestine: emulsification by the detergent action of bile salts ducted in from the liver and pancreatic lipases
mouth: lingual lipase
stomach: gastic lipase
nucleic acid digestion
absorption
units enter intestinal cells by active transport via membrane carriers
units are absorbed into capillary blood in the villi and transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
small intestine: pancreas ribo-nuclease and deoxyribonuclease and brush border enzymes
protein digestion
stomach: pepsin (stomach glands) in presense of HCI
small intestine; pancreatic enzymes (trypsin, chymotypsin, carbohydrates) and brush border enzymes
absorption
amino acids are absorbed via cotransport with na+
infrequently, transcytosis of small borders occurs
amino acids leave the epithelial cells by the facilitated diffusion, enter the capillary blood in the villi and are transported to the liver via hepatic portal vein