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Concept Map: Digestive & Urinary System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5…
Concept Map: Digestive & Urinary System Angel Martinez Anat/Phys-P5-Franco
Major Functions of the Digestive System
The function of the digestive system is digestion and absorption
Breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your body to absorb and use for energy, growth, and cell repair.
Mechanical digestion: Breaks down large pieces of food into smaller ones; chemical composition is not changes by this process
Chemical digestion: Breaks down large nutrient molecules into smaller chemicals by breaking chemical bonds
The digestive system consists of the alimentary canal
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions)
Lactase
Enzyme responsible for breaking down lactose
In turns lactose into simple sugars like glucose and galactose
Released by the intestinal tract
Lipase
Produced in small amounts in mouth and stomach and in larger amounts by your pancreas
Responsible for breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol(simple sugar alcohol)
Maltase
Responsible for breaking down malt sugar into glucose
Released by the small intestine
Proteases
These enzymes break down proteins into amino acids
Play a role in cell division, blood clotting, immune function
Produced in the stomach and pancreas
Main ones include pepsin, typsin, chymotrypsin
Amylase
Breaks down starches into sugars
Secreted by both the salivary glands and the pancreas
Important for digesting carbohydrates
Sucrase
Sucrase secreted by the small intestine
It breaks down sucrose into fructose and glucose
Found along the intestine and absorb nutrients into bloodstream
Major organs of the digestive system
Pancreas
Is both and endocrine and exocrine
Function: To produce pancreatic juice that helps aid in digestion
Liver
Maintains proper blood concentrations of glucose and other nutrients
Responsible for many metabolic activities such as the metabolism
Filters blood removing red blood cells and foreign toxins
Stores glycogen,vitamins A,D,B12 and Iron
Role in digestion is to secrete bile
Stomach
J-shaped muscular organ that receives food from esophagus
Mixes food with digestive juices
Begins the digestion of proteins
Gallbladder
A pear shaped sac
Stores bile b/t meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate the bile
Esophagus
Muscular tube leading from the pharynx to stomach
Lower esophageal helps prevent regurgitation
Small intestine
Receives pancreatic juice
Finishes digestion of nutrients that arrive in chyme
Receives chyme from the stomach
Absorbs digestive end products
Transports the remaining residue to large intestine
Mouth
First portion of the alimentary canal
Receives food and begins mechanical digestion by mastication
Large intestine
Contains bacteria which helps synthesize vitamins
Forms and stores feces
Absorbs water and electrolytes
Anus
Leads feces to the outside of the body
Major organs of the Urinary System
Ureters
Also prevents back flow
Muscular tube that conveys urine from kidney to the urinary bladder
Urinary Bladder
Stores urine and excretes it through the urethra
Hollow and muscular organ lying in the pelvic cavity
Kidneys
Remove metabolic wastes from the blood in process forming urine
Help control rate of red blood cell formation
Regulate the volume, composition and pH of the body fluids
Red bean shaped
Contain Nephrons
Urethra
Transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body
In female urethra 4 cm long and in male much longer and serves for urinary and reproductive systems
Major Functions of the Urinary System
Regulate blood volume and blood pressure
Control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
Filter salts and waste from the blood
Regulate blood pH
Helps control red blood cell production
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Nephron: Functional unit of the kidney which can produce urine independently
Renal Corpuscle
Consists of cluster of capillaries like the glomerulus and glomerular capsule
Glomerular Capsule is actually the expanded end of renal tube
Filtration Structure in renal cortex which preforms first step in urine formation
Renal Tubule
Nephron Loop (descending)
Nephron Loop (ascending)
Consists of proximal convoluted tube
Distal convoluted tube
Urine Formation
Proximal Convoluted Tube
Nephron Loop (Descending)
Glomerular Capsule
Nephron Loop (ascending)
Glomerulus
Distal Convoluted tube
Collecting Duct
Location of digestion and absorption of each macromolecule
Protein
Absorbed by the wall of the small intestine
Begins in the stomach with the action of enzymes
Lipids
Some lipids are absorbed directly into the bloodstream
Both the mouth and stomach play a role in the digestion of lipds
Small intestine also plays a role in the absorption of lipids
Carbohydrate
Most absorption of carbohydrates occurs in the small intestine
Mechanical and chemical digestion occur in the mouth and stomach
Nucleic Acids
Digested in the small intestine
Digested by enzymes produced by the small intestine and the pancreas
Layers of GI Tract
Submucosa
Lies under the mucosa
Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
Consists of connective tissue,houses blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands
Vessels transport absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis
Propels food through the canal
Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: Inner circular and outer longitudinal layer
Mucosa
Consists of epithelium tissue ,connective tissue, and smooth muscle
Protects tissues canal
First/Inner layer
Carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
Serosa
Outer most layer
Protects underlying tissues and produces serious fluid to reduce friction b/t organs
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems
Cholecystitis
Causes: Gallstones, Old Age, Rapid Weight Loss
Symptoms; Chills, Fever, Vomiting, Nausea
Description:Inflammation of the gallbladder
Treatment Options: Antibiotics, Penicillin, Surgery (Cholecystectomy)
GERD
Causes: Weak Esophageal Sphincter
Symptoms: Dry Cough, Bitter Taste, Heart Burn, Nausea
Treatment: Antacid, Weight Loss, Healthier diet
Description: Chronic disease that occurs when stomach acid flows into food pipe
Kidney Stones
Causes: Low water intake, Obesity, High sugar/salt intake
Symptoms: Severe side pain,sharp pain in abs, sweating
Description: Hard deposits of minerals that form in kidneys and is painful when passed
Treatment: Anti-Inflammatory drug , Laser removal, Increase fluid intake
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Causes: Defective immune system
Symptoms: Diarrhea, Rectal Bleeding, Fatigue, Weight Loss
Description: Chronic inflammatory disease that affects digestive tract
Treatment: Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Dietary Fiber, Enema, Bowel Surgery
Urinary Tract Infection
Causes: Urethritis(Urethra Infection) Cystitis(Bladder Infection) and Pyelonephritis (Kidney Infection)
Symptoms: Burning Urination, Pain in Pelvic region, Blood in urine
Description: Is the abnormal growth, of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract combined with symptoms
Treatment: Antibiotic Medication, Phenozophridine
Peptic Ulcers
Causes: Bacteria H Pylori, Heavy Usage of Pain Meds
Symptoms: Bloating, Heart Burn, Nausea, Vomiting
Description: A sore that develops on lining of stomach, esophagus, or small intestine
Treatment: Antibiotics, Penicillin, Antacid
Bladder Cancer
Symptoms: Back Pain, Pain during urination, Blood in urine, Frequent Urination
Causes:
NMIBC: 90% begins in lining and grows only in thin tissue
MIBC: May grow outside of bladder and spread
Treatment: Urologist, Well balanced diet
Description: When cells in bladder grow abnormally they become bladder cancer