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Consolidation of power (1933-1934), Foreign policy (maintenance only),…
Consolidation of power (1933-1934)
use of force
night of long knives
Power struggle: SA and the Army
killed 85 politicians who opposed Hitler
Hitler wanted to assume the presidency without opposition, therefore needed to secure the army’s backing
200 murdered
Getting rid of opposition from within
ERNST ROHM
The use of the S.S
to control individuals
were highly trained and armed professional
wanted to protect hitler
were used in concentration & urban camps
first one opened in 1933
a lot of individuals incarcerated for political reasons
Create fear within the german society
the use of the gestapo
put people that looked suspicious in concentration camps
dissemination of propaganda
Control of media
banned books
only Pro-Nazi media
perspective of Goebbels
"propaganda was our sharpest tool"
Demonization of Jewish people and communists
:goat:
‘Hitler over Germany’ campaign of 1932
state owned media
censorship allowed only for no anti nazi opposition to be heard
nazis had full control of messages
charismatic leadership
Dogmatism: emphasized Aryan superiority over all other races, German superiority over other countries - justified use of force, decreased resistance
able to adapt his party for gain
worked with other parties to gain power
23rd March Hitler promised to respect the rights of the Catholic Church and to uphold religious and moral value.
changed his persona depending on his targeted audience
use of legal means
Hitler as a chancellor, appointed on 30th January 1933
Reichstag election, 5th March 1933
legal method to pass favorable laws
The coalition with DVP after the Reichstag fire gained more than 50% votes in the parliament, securing a majority vote - could pass any law - passed the Enabling Act
Article 48
allowed Hitler to :goat: political opponents KPD and SPD dissolving them
building a stronger right political front
limit civil liberties
Reichstag Fire
enabeling act (1933)
Effectively do away with parliamentary procedure and legislation and which would transfer full powers to the chancellor and his government for four years – a dictatorship would be legal
which made good publicity for nazis who gained more votes
Blaming it on the communists
which then abolished the SPD & KPD
Intro
Foreign policy (maintenance only)
Undo the Treaty of Versailles
Rearmament
Remilitarization
Withdrawal from the disarmament conference
Remilitarization of the Rhineland
telling the TOV to FUCK OFF
Expansion of Germany
Lebensraum
The Saar plebiscite
small coal-rich territory
90.9% said that the land should return to germany
wanted to unite german speaking individuals
foreign policy timetable
In 1933, Hitler stated that it was unfair that Germany was the only ones that had to disarm themselves. In the same year he also left the Leagues of Nation over rearmament. We can see that in 1932 the military expenditure (percentage) was one whereas through the years (1939) it expanded to seventeen. We can see in 1939 there were almost 1 million people in the german army.
In 1935, the Saar which was part of the land that Germany lost (13%) voted to return to Germany. We can see that what Hitler wanted was to have german speaking people. This can be seen in the table underneath nationalities. We can see that there is a majority in almost every country of german speaking people.
In 1936, in march Hitler ordered the remilitarisation of the Rhineland and the german soldiers had secret orders to retreat if France should protest.
In 1938, march Hitler threatened to take over Austria. He bullies the Austrian Chancellor Schuschnigg that Italy, now an ally of Germany, will not save Austria as it had in 1934. Britain and France will not act.The German army is much stronger than in 1934 – it has had four years of growth. Hitler takes over Austria. This is called Anschluss.
succes of foreign policy
Foreign policy was successful to some extent in maintaining support for the Third Reich as he managed to accomplish all three of his goals. His three goals were to destroy the Treaty of Versailles, create Lebensraum, and unite all germans.
failure of foreign policy
After all these years of success Germany eventually failed. By the year 1942 was when things went downhill. For example, about 650,000 bombs were dropped on Germany whereas 9,151 bombs were dropped on Britain. Downfall of the third reich.
Nature, extent and Treatment of opposition (maintenance only)
Treatment of opposition (most of them ended in concentration camps)
White rose
executed for writing leaflets against the nazis
KPD (communists)
also created leaflets in opposition to nazis ideology
SPD (social democrats)
distributing new papers against hitler
the church
small comunist groups
focused on anti nazi campaigns
Nature of opposition
nazi ideology
based on previously existing ways of thinking: eugenics + genetics)
idea of volksgemeinschaft
community of healthy, vigorous aryans working for the good of the nation
opposite of volksgemeinshaft is Gemeinschaft
ppl excluded from community as they are different
based on three grounds
ideological
those threatening the political unity of the nation (communists)
eg: mental illness
biological
those whose genes posed threat to a healthy and pure race
social
those whose behaviour conflicted with the norms of the national community, such as the workshy
e.g: homosexuals
if they weren't fit they would be sterilized
known as the prevention of hereditarily diseased offspring
almsot 200000 ppl sterilised