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"PARASYMPHATHOMIMETICS" Parasympathomimetics are a class of…

- - - - It is a neurotransmitter of parasympathetic and somatic nerves but cannot penetrate membranes.
      - It lacks the therapuetic activity because of its multiplicity of action and rapid inactivation by cholinesterases. It has both muscuranic and nicotinic activity.
      - Actions: mimics the effec of vagul stimulation in heart, causes vasodilation and lowering of bp.In GI, increases salivation and gastric acid secretion. It causes bronchoconstriction, urination.In eye, stimulates ciliary muscle contraction, causing miosis.
  - - - It lacks nicotinic actions but does have strong muscuranic activity. Duration of action is 1 hour and major actions are on bladder and GI tract.
      - Action: stimulates urination.
      - Therapuetic use: Used in urologic treatment to stimulate atonic bladder, treats neurogenic atony as well as megacolon.
      - Adverse effect: causes generalized cholinergic stimulation (sweeting, decreased bp, salivation etc). Atropine sulphate can be given to overcome severe cardiovascular or bronchoconstriction.
  - - - 1) It has both muscarinic and nicotinic actions
      - 2) It's action are on both cardiovascular and GI system, locally in eye it mimics the effect of ACH .
      - 3) It used rarely because high potency, receptor noneselectively and long duration.
      - 4)Adverse effect occur because of lack of systematic penetration.
  - - - 1) It has particular agonistic effect on M1 and M3 receptors.
      - 2) It's action are on salivary and sweat glands as well as increase tone of the smooth muscle in the GI and urinary tracts.
      - 3) It is used in the treatment of and Sjögren's syndrome ,dry mouth.
      - 4)Adverse effect are bladder pain with bloody or cloudy urine,difficulty in breathing,dryness or soreness of the throat
  - - - It agonizes muscuranic receptors in the airways when inhaled. It directly acts on muscuranic receptors of smooth muscle, glands and heart.
      - Methacholine is used in the challenge test for diagnosis of asthma means it helps to diagnose bronchial airway hyperreactivity.
      - It's adverse effects are headache, sore throat, lightheadedness, nausea, vomiting, or dizziness
  - - - It shows action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) located in brain.
      - It is useful in treating parkinson's disease
      - It also help to treating nicotine dependence to eliminate smoking and the damage it does to health.
      - Adversed effects caused by nicotine are decreased appetite, heightened mood, increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, diarrhea, headache, throat pain.