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SPAIN: DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY
THE DICTATORSHIP OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
1923
Military coup
Established a right-wing dictatorship
Dictatorship only solution to problems of reign of Alfonso XIII
Alfonso XIII --> named president
Supporters --> business, church, army
Socialist --> hoped social / labour reforms
Policies
Foreign
Won definitive war Morocco
Alhucemas
1925
++ dictatorship's prestige
Economy
Large public works
Canals, roads, power stations...
++ employment
State monopolies
CAMPSA 1927
Compañía Telefónica 1924
Domestic
Patriotic Union official party
Re-establish order
Eradicate terrorism
Eradicate nationalism
Suppress demonstrations
1928
Primo de Rivera faced + opposition
Army --> new promotion system
Political parties --> parliamentary system
1929 crisis --> unemployment / social unrest
1930
January
King withdrew support
Primo de Rivera resigned --> constitutional monarchy
THE SECOND SPANISH REPUBLIC
Municipal elections April 1931
Constitutional monarchy Alfonso XIII restored
Second republic
Republican socialist won
Alfonso XIII exile
3 periods
The left-wing /reformist biennium (1931–1933)
Government
Niceto Alcalá Zamora --> president of the Republic
Manuel Azaña --> head of the government
Constitution (1931) --> universal suffrage
Reforms
Territorial reforms --> Cataluña, Galicia, Pais Vasco statue of autonomy
Military reforms --> promotion based on academic qualifications
Agricultural reform --> agricultural estates expropriated / land divided among landless
Labour reforms --> eight-hour working day, minimum wage, paid holidays
Educational reforms --> a secular, mixed gender, compulsory free education system
Attempted military coup 1932
1933
Casas Viejas, Cádiz
Peasants were killed
Manuel Azaña resigned
The Popular Front (1936)
Popular Front
Left-wing parties
Won elections (February 1936)
Manuel Azaña --> president Republic
Casares Quiroga --> head of the government
Agricultural reforms / Cataluña re-established
Right-wing VS left-wing
Because of reforms
Right-wing
Falangists
Left-wing
Narchists /communists
Strikes /occupation of land
The centre-right biennium (1933–1936)
centre-right
Won elections
Conservative government
Alejandro Lerroux head government
Support of CEDA
Suspended reforms by previous government
PSOE + PCE
General strike (October 1934)
Against suspension previous reforms
October Revolution failed except...
Asturias
Miners control coalfields --> revolutionary government
Social revolution
Cataluña
Political revolution
Lluis Companys --> proclaimed a Catalan state :
Ended when army intervened
Asturias--> troops by General Franco suppressed movement
Cataluña --> statute of autonomy removed
THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR 1936 -1939
The development of the war
Northern campaign
Franco take Asturias/ Pais Vasco/ Cantabria --> independent 1936
Guernica bombarded by Nazi 1937
Battle of the Ebro
Republicans to stop Nationalists
Franco won --> 1939 enter Barcelona
March to Madrid
Nationalist tried occupy Madrid --> failed Jarama/ Guadalajara
The end of the war
1 April 1939
Nationalists took Madrid
The consequences of the civil war
Economic
economic losses + / industrial production -25%
Demographic
less population --> died / republicans exiled
Political
authoritarian / annihilation of Republicans
Cultural
repression through education/ culture
teachers executed / intellectuals assassinated
Reasons for the outbreak of the war
17 July 1936
Morocco
Conservative VS government Republic
18 July --> rebellion spread to Peninsula
Aims of rebellion
Re-establish political order before republic
End public disorder / fear working class revolution
End left-wing reforms --> church, landowners, army... unhappy
Two sides / international support
Republicans
Stalinist USSR / International Brigades
Mexico --> supplies
Manuel Azaña
Nationalists
Nazi Germany / Fascist Italy
Portugal / Ireland army volunteers
General Francisco Franco
