Consequences: Not Enough Housing / Water & Air Pollution / Food & Water Shortage / High Crime / Not enough Healthcare & Education / Lack of Employment / Poverty

Consequences: Worker Shortage / Low Production / Underused Resources / High Taxes / Lack of Govt Income / Small Goods & Services Market / Low Value Exports

Natural Population Change: 1.5 per 1000 ppl (ergo 0.15%)

Overall Population Change: 10.3 - 8.8 + 2.4 = 3.9 per 1000 people (ergo 0.39%)

Must take migration into consideration

Immigrants: Move into a country

Emigrants: Move out of a country

Asylum Seekers: Move due to fear of persecution. Have asked permission to move

Refugee: Move due to fear of their lives. Have not asked permission to stay in a country.

Illegal Immigrant: Move to live and work. Have not asked permission to stay.

Economic Migrant: Moves to live and work for at least a year.

Internal Migrant: Moves withing their own country.

Include: Work / Better Paid Jobs / Higher Education / Better Housing / Electricity / Water / Better Transport / Better Healthcare / Safety

Include: Unemployment / Low-Paid Jobs / Poor Housing / No Electricity / No Water / Few Schools / Natural Disaster / Poor Healthcare / Poor Transport / Safety

Population Density: Average number of people living in a given area

Flat Land / Good Transport / Employment / Fertile Soil / Reliable Water Supply / Natural Resources

Extreme Climates / Marshland / Infertile Soils / Steep Relief

Composed of a cluster of buildings around a central point (crossroad, bridge over a river, etc). Many have fertile land and lowland areas

Long and thin. Built around a road or river valley across the countryside or where flat land is limited

Composed of farms and isolated buildings, scattered across the countryside surrounded by farmland

Since 1950, urbanisation has decreased and urban populations are moving into rural areas. This is known as counter-urbanisation

This is due to the fact that rural populations believe that quality of life is better in urban areas, when in fact they will most likely end up inhabiting slums

Factors pulling people to urban areas: Drought or Natural Disasters / Economic Factors / Good Education / Healthcare / Safety

The point directly above is called the epicentre

The strength of an earthquake is measured using a Richter Scale

Volcanoes are formed when a crack in the earth's crust allows molten rock (magma) and other materials to seep through

Most deadly type of volcano. Erupts with great violence causing death and destruction. Usually found in mountain regions where pressure builds up underneath

Flat and less deadly than their counterparts. There is no build up of pressure, but they erupt more often, flow farther away, and have less acidic lava

A crust "bin". Destroys old crust pushing it into the mantle, melting it. Forms trenches, earthquakes and strato-volcanoes.

Plates flow sideways by eachother. Nothing is created nor destroyed. Forms earthquakes.

Plates move away from eachother (spreading). Creates new crust (crust "factory"). Forms ridges, earthquakes and shield volcanoes.

Having certain procedures ready, such as sandbags, sirens, and moveable metal barriers

These include: Dams, Barriers and Flood walls, Embankments or Levèes, Dredging and Straightening Channels, Canals and Waterways

These Include: Afforestation (Water is intercepted by planting trees), Balancing lakes and washlands (Water is allowed to flow into land that is not valuable before it can flood into valuable areas), and Land-use zones (Only certain buildings are allowed to be built near the river relative the risk; eg. No Hospitals)

Long, narrow strech of sand or shingle with one end attached to the mainland

Behind the sandbar, an area of water may be cut off to create a lagoon.

Forms when a beach or sand spit joins up with an offshore island

Island that run parallel to the coastline

A sheltered area, flooded with high tide, where silt collects behind a sand spit or sand bar

Warm water, between 23-25 °C

Clear, shallow water no deeper than 50 metres

Plenty of sunlight to aid photosynthesis

Fringing Reefs: Coral platforms grow out, attached to the mainland. A lagoon lies above them.

Barrier Reefs: Coral grows in a shallower area awat from the mainland. Water between the two is too deep. Forms a lagoon. These reefs form off shore barriers along the coasts.

Atolls: Develop around islands. Grow in a circle attached to the land.

Gently sloping of flat terrain, ideal for buildings (communications, roads, railways, industries.) / Ports develop / Fishing / If the scenery is attractive, tourism industries may develop

Storms, typhoons / Lowland areas may be at risk from Tsunamis / People need to protect their home from coastal erosion and flooding (this occurs where rocks aren't resistant, waves are large and winds are strong)

Hard Engineering includes: Sea walls / Groynes / Rock Armour / Revertments / Gabions / Offshore Breakwaters

Soft Engineering includes: Beach nourishment (in which beach material that has been eroded is replaced) / Managed Retreat (in which coasts are allowed to erode and flood into areas that are of low value)

Measures the maximum and minimum temperatures of a given time period (eg. 24 hours)

Measures the RH (Relative Humidity). RH indicates the amount of water vapour the air could hold at any given time

Must be away from trees or buildings so air can circulate freely and screen is not shaded

Should be sited on grass or bare earth

Should be away from artificial heat, such as central heating from a school

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year

Gross National Income (GNI): Total income of a country including earnings from abroad

GNI per capita: GNI divided by the population

Life Expectancy / Infant Mortality Rate / People living under 1$ a day / People's access to clean water & sanitation / average number of people per doctor / percentage of children & young people's access to education / Literacy Rate / Percentage of population who have possessions (Phone, TV, etc)

The closer a country's score is to 1, the better development they have, and vice versa

Created using indicators of live expectancy, education and income.

There are four broad bands: Very High, High, Medium, and Low development

Core Area: Usually important urban area with flat land to build various buildings (transport, schools, etc)

Periphery: Unimportant Rural areas that may be exploited and suffer from lack of development

Primary: Grows or extracts materials (fishing, agriculture, forestry, etc)

Directly: eg. using iron to make steel

Indirectly: When steel is used to make, for example, cars

Tertiary: Provides services, like paying for a taxi

High tech is a growing sector. Silicon Valley is one of the most important zones for tech companies and people working there have some of the highest incomes among the USA

More money invested into LEDCs

Trans-national Corporations bring foreign currency into LEDCs, bettering their economy

Global competition keeps prices low

Greater access to foreign culture, such as films, songs, food, clothing

Mixed Farming: Does both arable and pastoral farming

Extensive Farming: Low input of money, material and labour on large amounts of land. Produces low yield from a large amount of land

Intensive Farming: High input of money, fertilisers and labour (pesticides, machinery) for a high yield from a small area of land

These farmers mostly take place in LEDCs

These farmers mostly take place in MEDCs and some LEDCs

In desert areas, farmers live a nomadic life herding animals to find water and grazing areas

Eg. Darfur, South Sudan

The secondary industry has a large system of inputs, processes and outputs

Large Scale Industry: Lots of workers, lots of space, high capital investment, lots of products and high profit

Small Scale Industry: Little workers, little space, low capital invesment, little products and modest profit

Visual Pollution

Manufacturing: Converts raw materials of the primary sector into finished products (eg. steelmaking)

Processing: Takes materials forming a finished product by combining them or changing them in some way (eg. food industry where recipies produce a final product from many sources, like canned food)

Assembly: Involves putting parts made elsewhere together. Parts are added to other semi finished parts. Every stage leads to the finished product

Hi-Tech: Products manufactured using "cutting edge" technology usually involving high-tech computers (eg. biotech, telecomms, etc)

Land / Weather and Climate / Raw Materials (distance and amount) / Power (fuel and elec) / Labour / Transport (Presence of trains, cars) / Market (Location of customers) / Government aid or Grants / Internet and Telecoms Access

Located close to raw materials: Usually because the transport costs are high for raw materials but the final product weighs less

Footloose: These industries can locate almost anywhere and the transport costs and suitable labour availability isn't important (eg. computer software development)

Located Close to Market: Raw materials transport cost is low but final product is heavier

Population Distribution: Pattern of where people live

Can send money home to family / More resources for the people left behind / Learn new skills

Chance to obtain regular work, save some money, better quality of life, better standard of living

Loss of contact with family / Away from home for a long period of time

May be low paid work, exploited by poor working conditions or long hours, racial and cultural problems, struggle with language, and may be hard to get housing.

Water supply (Water from springs, rivers, etc were vital for survival and farming)

Relief (Gently sloping terrain is better to build on)

Soils (Fertile soils were important so crops could be grown well)

Shelter (Areas such as valleys that were sheltered from winds were better than those exposed to the elements)

Defence (Threats from enemies resulted in settlements being built in areas easy to defend)

Settlements have high order and low order services (low order are more used, high order vice versa)

The size of this can be altered depending on type and number of services offered by a settlment

The distance people are willing to travel to use a service is called its range

Threshold Population is the amount of customers a service needs.

Extends up to 1000m above sea level

Midday sun at a vertical angle, giving maximum insolation

Average temperature 26°

Small annual and daily temperature range

Heavy rainfall in the afternoon, after the sun warmed the ground

Average yearly rainfall 1500mm

High relative humidity (75%)

Large ecosystems are called biomes

Ground Layer: Leaf and animal remains. Not much grows here

Deserts can be hot (Sahara) or cold (Tundra)

Daytime temperatures over 50°

Nightime temperatures under 0°

Mostly found on western edge of continents due to prevailing winds