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GEOGRAPHY, Movements usually voluntary for better Quality of Life and…

- - - - Definition: When a country has a population that is less needed to make full use of the resources it has.
      - Consequences: Worker Shortage / Low Production / Underused Resources / High Taxes / Lack of Govt Income / Small Goods & Services Market / Low Value Exports
    - - Definition: When a country doesn't have enough resources to support its population.
      - Consequences: Not Enough Housing / Water & Air Pollution / Food & Water Shortage / High Crime / Not enough Healthcare & Education / Lack of Employment / Poverty
    - - Natural Population Change
        
        To calculate: birth rate - death rate
        
        Eg. Malta (Birth Rate = 10.3 / Death Rate = 8.8)
        
        Natural Population Change: 1.5 per 1000 ppl (ergo 0.15%)
        
        Overall Population Change
        
        If more than 1000 people move into a country, it is added. If more than 1000 people move out, it is subtracted
        
        Eg. Malta (Net Migration = 2.4)
        
        Overall Population Change: 10.3 - 8.8 + 2.4 = 3.9 per 1000 people (ergo 0.39%)
        
        Must take migration into consideration
      - Population Migration
        
        Migrants: People who move into/away from a certain area to/from another one, usually to live or work
        
        Immigrants: Move into a country
        
        Emigrants: Move out of a country
        
        Asylum Seekers: Move due to fear of persecution. Have asked permission to move
        
        Refugee: Move due to fear of their lives. Have not asked permission to stay in a country.
        
        Illegal Immigrant: Move to live and work. Have not asked permission to stay.
        
        Economic Migrant: Moves to live and work for at least a year.
        
        Internal Migrant: Moves withing their own country.
        
        Push & Pull Factors
        
        Push Factors: Features of one's home area that makes one want to move away.
        
        Include: Unemployment / Low-Paid Jobs / Poor Housing / No Electricity / No Water / Few Schools / Natural Disaster / Poor Healthcare / Poor Transport / Safety
        
        Pull Factors: Feature's of one's destination that makes them want to move there.
        
        Include: Work / Better Paid Jobs / Higher Education / Better Housing / Electricity / Water / Better Transport / Better Healthcare / Safety
        
        Impacts of Migration
        
        Factors Influencing Population Density
        
        Population Density: Average number of people living in a given area
        
        An area's factors also influence where people live:
        
        Attracting Factors:
        
        Flat Land / Good Transport / Employment / Fertile Soil / Reliable Water Supply / Natural Resources
        
        Unattracting Factors:
        
        Extreme Climates / Marshland / Infertile Soils / Steep Relief
        
        Settlement Patterns
        
        Two types of Settlements:
        
        Urban
        
        Rural
        
        Settlements can be:
        
        Nucleated
        
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        Linear
        
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        Dispersed
        
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        Rapid Urban Growth
        
        Urbanisation: Process in which rural area populations move to urban areas
        
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        Settlement Hierarchies
        
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        There were various factors that determined where a settlmenet was built.
        
        Water supply (Water from springs, rivers, etc were vital for survival and farming)
        
        Relief (Gently sloping terrain is better to build on)
        
        Soils (Fertile soils were important so crops could be grown well)
        
        Shelter (Areas such as valleys that were sheltered from winds were better than those exposed to the elements)
        
        Defence (Threats from enemies resulted in settlements being built in areas easy to defend)
        
        Population Distribution: Pattern of where people live
        
        Positive
        
        Origin
        
        Can send money home to family / More resources for the people left behind / Learn new skills
        
        Destination
        
        Chance to obtain regular work, save some money, better quality of life, better standard of living
        
        Negative
        
        Origin
        
        Loss of contact with family / Away from home for a long period of time
        
        Destination
        
        May be low paid work, exploited by poor working conditions or long hours, racial and cultural problems, struggle with language, and may be hard to get housing.
  - - - Earthquakes
        
        Are formed from movements below the earth's surface, where rocks under great stress reach breaking point, making jerking movements
        
        This point is known as the focus or origin
        
        The point directly above is called the epicentre
        
        The strength of an earthquake is measured using a Richter Scale
      - Volcanoes
        
        Volcanoes are formed when a crack in the earth's crust allows molten rock (magma) and other materials to seep through
        
        There are 2 main types of volcano
        
        Strato-Volcanoes
        
        Most deadly type of volcano. Erupts with great violence causing death and destruction. Usually found in mountain regions where pressure builds up underneath
        
        Shield Volcanoes
        
        Flat and less deadly than their counterparts. There is no build up of pressure, but they erupt more often, flow farther away, and have less acidic lava
      - Plate Tectonics
        
        The world is formed by plate tectonics, which float on the mantle.
        
        There are 3 types of plate boundaries
        
        Convergent (Destructive) Plate
        
        A crust "bin". Destroys old crust pushing it into the mantle, melting it. Forms trenches, earthquakes and strato-volcanoes.
        
        Conservative Plate
        
        Plates flow sideways by eachother. Nothing is created nor destroyed. Forms earthquakes.
        
        Divergent (Costructive) Plate
        
        Plates move away from eachother (spreading). Creates new crust (crust "factory"). Forms ridges, earthquakes and shield volcanoes.
        
        Managing River Flooding
        
        There are different ways to prevent river floods
        
        Having certain procedures ready, such as sandbags, sirens, and moveable metal barriers
        
        Hard and Soft Engineering
        
        Hard Engineering
        
        Involves building costly, permanent buildings that affect river flow.
        
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        Soft Engineering
        
        Involves building cheaper alternatives that work with the river and do not involve permanent structures
        
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        Coastal Landforms created by Deposition
        
        Various landforms can be created by the process of deposition
        
        Sand Spit
        
        Long, narrow strech of sand or shingle with one end attached to the mainland
        
        Sand Bar
        
        Develops when a spit streches across a bay linking two headlands.
        
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        Tombolo
        
        Forms when a beach or sand spit joins up with an offshore island
        
        Barrier Islands
        
        Island that run parallel to the coastline
        
        Salt Marsh
        
        A sheltered area, flooded with high tide, where silt collects behind a sand spit or sand bar
        
        Coastal Reefs
        
        Coastal reefs are communities of living organisms, including fish, plants, and other creatures
        
        There are three main factors for the growth of a coral reef
        
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        There are three kinds of coral reef
        
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        Hazards and Opportunities of Coasts
        
        Pros
        
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        Cons
        
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        Managing Coastal Erosion
        
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    - - Indicators of Development
        
        Development is measured using economical, social, cultural, and technological factors to measure how advanced a country is.
        
        The aspects of development that can be measured are economic and social.
        
        Economic Development: Country's wealth
        
        Economic Indicators include
        
        Gross Domestic Product (GDP): Total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year
        
        Gross National Income (GNI): Total income of a country including earnings from abroad
        
        GNI per capita: GNI divided by the population
        
        Social Development: Access of people in a country to health, wealth, education, food and political freedom
        
        Social Indicators include
        
        Life Expectancy / Infant Mortality Rate / People living under 1$ a day / People's access to clean water & sanitation / average number of people per doctor / percentage of children & young people's access to education / Literacy Rate / Percentage of population who have possessions (Phone, TV, etc)
        
        Human Development Index (HDI)
        
        Uses development indicators to give each country an index score from 0 to 1
        
        The closer a country's score is to 1, the better development they have, and vice versa
        
        Created using indicators of live expectancy, education and income.
        
        There are four broad bands: Very High, High, Medium, and Low development
        
        Identifying Inequalities
        
        Many countries have core areas and peripheries
        
        Core Area: Usually important urban area with flat land to build various buildings (transport, schools, etc)
        
        Periphery: Unimportant Rural areas that may be exploited and suffer from lack of development
        
        Classifying Production
        
        Employment can be divided into 4 categories
        
        Primary: Grows or extracts materials (fishing, agriculture, forestry, etc)
        
        Secondary: Processing of goods of the primary industry (coal, iron, etc).
        
        These materials can be used directly and indirectly
        
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        Tertiary: Provides services, like paying for a taxi
        
        Quaternary: Provides info services such as computing, ICT (Coms Tech), etc.
        
        High tech is a growing sector. Silicon Valley is one of the most important zones for tech companies and people working there have some of the highest incomes among the USA
        
        Globalization
        
        Globalization is the process of increased connections between countries in economics, politics and/or culture
        
        Globalization causes:
        
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        Globalization has benefits
        
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        Agricultural Systems
        
        Agriculture is the production of food or other resources via growing plants or raising domestic animals
        
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        Food Shortages
        
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