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Digestive and Urinary System Sarah Hernandez P.6 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive and Urinary System
Sarah Hernandez P.6
Digestive Enzymes
salivary amylase
: of salivary glands; begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking starches to disaccharides
pepsin
: of gastric chief cells; begins protein digestion
pancreatic amylase
: of pancreas; breaks starch to disaccharides
pancreatic lipase
: breaks fats to fatty acids/ glycerol
proteolytic enzymes- trypsin, chymotrypsin, carbopeptidase
: of pancreas; breaks proteins into peptides
nucleases
: of pancreas; breaks nucleic acids to nucleotides
peptidase
: of intestinal mucosal cells; breaks peptides to amino acids
sucrase, maltase, lactase
: of intestinal mucosal cells; break dissacharides to monosaccharides
intestinal lipase
: intestinal mucosal cells; brekas fats to fatty acids/ glycerol
enterokinase
: of intestinal mucosal cells; breaks trypsinogen to trypsin
Digestion and absorption of macromolecules
Large Intestine
:
Vitamin K and B
other 5% of water absorption
Small Intestine
:
vitamin A,D,E,K diffuse into absorptive cells
Vitamin C and B diffused by passive/active transports
Vitamin B12 absorbed by endocytosis
Layers of GI Tract (+ stomach)
consists of same 4 layers throughout length with variations based on functions to specific sections of the canal} layers= mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
mucosa
: mucous membrane surrounding lumen of the tube; inner layer of wall
protects tissues of canal and carries on secretion/absorption of dietary nutrients
consists of epithelium, connective tissue and smooth muscle
submucosa
: beneath mucosa; houses blood, lymphatic vessels, nerves, glands
of loos connective tissue, nourishing canal layers and transporting absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
muscularis
: propels food through canal
2 layers of smooth muscle
-inner=circular
-outer-longitudinal layers
serosa
: outer serous layer or
visceral peritoneum
protects underlying tissues an secretes serous fluid to reduce friction
Disorders of digestive/urinary systems
cholecystitis
: inflammation of the gallbladder
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
: chronic disease that occurs when esophageal sphincter relaxes, allowing contents of stomach to move back to esophagus
inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
: chronic complex intestinal condition causing digestive tract inflammation- includes crohnis disease/ ulcerate colitis
peptic ulcers
: sores that develop in stomach lining or duodenum
colon diseases
:
-polyps= growths
-hemorrhoids= inflamed veins in rectum/anus
bladder cancer
: when cells of the bladder grow out of control and eventually lead to bladder cancer
urinary tract infection
: abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along urinary tract combined with symptoms
kidney stones
: stones formed from high levels of minerals and salts in urine
Major organs of urinary system
kidneys
: filter blood
-kidneys: regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
-remove metabolic wastes from blood, forming urine
-help control the rate of rbc formation
ureters
: transport urine from kidneys to bladder
-due to ureter angle entering urinary bladder, urine is propelled towards bladder, preventing backflow
urinary bladder
: stores urine, lies in pelvic cavity
urethra
: conveys urine to outside of the body
-tubular organ that transfers urine outside the body; contains internal urethral sphincter (smooth muscle) and external urethral sphincter (skeletal muscle)
Major functions of urinary system
filters salts/waste from the blood
maintains normal concentrations of electrolytes/water
helps control RBC production and blood pressure
regulates pH and body fluid volume
Major organs of digestive system: alimentary canal and accessory organs
alimentary canal
mouth
: first portion of the alimentary canal, surrounded by lips, cheeks, tongue, and palate
receives food and begins mechanical digestion via
mastication
pharynx
: (throat) connects basal/oral cavities with larynx and esophagus
divided into 3 portions:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
esophagus
: muscular tube from pharynx to stomach, extends through diaphragm opening
mucous glands lubricate inner tubal lining
lower esophageal (cardica, cardioesophageal) sphincter
: helps prevent regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus
stomach
: located in upper left abdominal quadrant
rugae
: gastric folds of mucosa/submucosa, allows for digestion
parts of the stomach: cardiac, fundus, body region, phylorus
gastric secretions: in thick mucosa of stomach open to lumen as gastric pits- mucus cells (mucous), chief cells (protein digestion), pareital cells (hydrochloric acids, activates pepsinogen/ intrinsic factor)
small intestine
: long, tubular organ that runs from stomach to beginning of large intestine
functions: receives chyme from stomach, bile of liver/gallbladder and pancreatic juices from pancreas, finish nutrient digestion of chyme, and transfers residue to large intestine
small intestine consists of :
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
and
mesentery
- double layerd peritoneum folds containing blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels of intestinal wall + villi
small intestine secretes= mucous, watery fluids, peptidases, sucrase/maltase/lactase and intestinal lipase enzymes
large intestine
: parts of the large intestine consist of the
cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
does not digest/absorb nutrients but
absorbs electrolytes/water
rectum
: straight section of large intestine, lies next to sacrum
accessory organs
salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual glands)
: secretes saliva and mositens/dissolves food particles, binds together, aids in tasting and begins carbohydrate digestion
salivary glands contain
serous cells
that produce watery fluid containing salivary amylase and
mucous cells
, producing binding mucous
liver
: located upper right quadrant of abdominal cavity, largest internal organ
functions:
-responsible for metabolic activities{ of carbs, lipids, proteins
-stores glycogen, vitamins A/D/B12 + iron
-synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, cholesterol
-filters blood: removes damaged rbcs, foreign substances and toxins
digestion role= secrete bile
gallbladder
: stores bile between meals and reabsorbs water to concentrate bile
pancreas
:
both endocrine/exocrine gland
-exocrine function: produce pancreatic juice ending in digestion
pancreatic juices contain
bicarbonate ions
; creates alkaline environment in duodenum for enzyme function
pancreatic juices
: contains enzymes digesting carbs, fats, proteins, nucleic acids
Major functions of digestive system
The digestive system consists of 10 organs that absorb and digest nutrients via mechanical and chemical breakdown. Accessory organs assist in the chemical breakdown of nutrients for proper ingestion of essential nutrients such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as other essential food molecules for nutrient absorption through the bloodstream
Nephron anatomy and physiology
Renal Corpuscle
glomerulus
: filtration of water and dissolved plasma substances
glomerular capsule
: recipient of glomerular filtrate
Renal Tubule
Proximal convoluted tubule
:
-reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, creatine, lactic/uric/citric/absorbic acids; phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions via active transport
-reabsorption of water via osmosis
-reabsorption of negatively charged ions via electrochemical attraction
Descending limb of nephron loop
: reabsorption of water via osmosis
Ascending limb of nephron loop
: reabsorption of sodium ions via active transport
Distal convoluted tubule
: reabsorp. water via osmosis
secretion of hydrogen/potassium ions via active and passive transport