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Digestive & Urinary System Karina Quinones, Period 6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - peristalsis: major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation (occurs in the esophagus and goes down into the stomach)
      - swallowing (occurs in the esophagus)
    - - segmentation: local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices (occurs in the small intestine)
- - - - Tongue: functions in gripling, repositioning, mixing food, forming bolus, mixing food and saliva, and initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste
      - Teeth: lie in sockets in gum covered margins of mandible and maxilla, function in mastication (process of chewing) to tear food into smaller fragments
      - Digestive Glands: produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs
        
        Pancreas: supplies most of the enzymes needed to digest chyme and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid; produces pancreatic juice and secretes insulin and glucagon; amylase for carbs, proteases for proteins, lipases for lipids, nucleases for nucleic acids
        
        Salivary Glands: saliva cleanses mouth, dissolves food chemicals and moistens food to create a bolus and breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase, composed of two types of secretory cells: serous cells (produce watery secretion and enzymes), mucous cells (produce mucus)
        
        Liver: digestive function is production of bile, consists of four lobes, and is the largest gland in the body. Bile is a yellow-green alkaline solution that contains bile salts and bilirubin
      - Gallbladder: chief function is storage of bile that comes from the liver, thin - walled muscular sac on ventral surface of liver and absorbs water and ions from bile
    - - Mouth: where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme containing saliva that begins process of digestion and initiates swallowing
        
        Mouth (buccal cavity): oral orifice is the anterior opening, walls lined with stratified squamous epithelium
        
        Lips and Cheeks: lips composed of fleshy orbicularis oris muscle, cheeks composed of buccinator muscle, labial frenulum attaches each lip to gum
        
        Palate: forms roof of mouth and has two distinct parts
        
        hard palate: formed by palatine bones
        
        soft palate: fold formed of skeletal muscle, closes off nasopharynx during swallowing, uvula is a fingerlike projection that faces downward from soft palate
      - Pharynx: food passes from mouth into oropharynx then laryngopharynx, allows passage of foods, fluids, and air
      - Esophagus: flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach, gastroesophageal sphincter keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed, protect esophagus from acid reflux
      - Small Intestine: major organ of digestion and reabsorption, duodenum to jejunum to ileum, contains villi and microvill, provide huge surface area for nutrient absorption
        
        Villi: fingerlike projections of mucosa with a core that contains dense capillary bed and lacteal for absorption
        
        Microvilli: cytoplasmic extensions of mucosal cell that give fuzzy appearance and contains enzymes for carbohydrate and protein digestion
      - Large Intestine: 3 large features, teniae coli (three bands of smooth muscle), haustra (pocketlike sacs), epiploic appendages (fat filled pouches of visceral peritoneum)
        
        cecum: first part of large intestine
        
        appendix: masses of lymphoid tissue
        
        colon: ascending colon travels up right side of abdominal cavity to level of right kidney, transverse colon travels across abdominal cavity, descending colon travels down left side of abdominal cavity, sigmoid colon is s shaped through pelvis
        
        rectum: three rectal valves that stop feces from passing with gas
        
        anal canal: last segment that opens body exterior at anus, two sphincters are either internal anal or external anal
      - Stomach: temporary storage tank that starts chemical breakdown of protein digestion, converts bolus to chyme, major regions are cardia, fundus, body, pyloric part, greater curvature, lesser curvature, lesser omentum, greater omentum
        
        greater curvature: convex lateral surface of stomach
        
        lesser curvature: concave medial surface of stomach
        
        pyloric part: wider and more superior portion of pyloric region, antrum, narrows into pyloric canal, continuous with duodenum
        
        messentaries: extend from curvatures and tether stomach to other digestive organs
        
        body: midportion
        
        lesser omentum: runs from lesser curvature to liver
        
        fundus: dome shaped region beneath diaphragm
        
        greater omentum: drapes inferiorly from greater curvature over intestine, spleen, and transverse colon, contains fat deposits and lymph nodes
        
        cardial part: surrounds cardial orifice
- - - - Glomerulus: tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium, highly porous capillaries that allow for filtrate formation
        
        Filtrate: plasma derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine
      - Glomerular Capsule: also called Bowman's capsule, cup shaped hollow structure surrounding glomerulus and consists of two layers
        
        parietal layer: simple squamous epithelium
        
        visceral layer: clings to glomerula capillaries; branching epithelial podocytes, filtration slits between foot processes allow filtrate to pass into capsular space
    - - Renal Tubule is about 3 cm long and consists of single layer of epithelial cells, each region has own histology and functions, 3 major parts
        
        Proximal Convoluted Tube (closest to the renal corpuscle); cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border, to increase surface area and functions in reabsorption and secretion
        
        Nephron Loop: U shaped structure consisting of two limbs
        
        descending limb: proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule, distal portion is simple squamous
        
        ascending limb: thick ascending limb (thin in some nephrons), cuboidal or columnar cells
        
        Distal Convoluted Tube (farthest from renal corpuscle); cuboidal cells with very little microvilli that functions more in secretion; confined to cortex
      - Connecting Ducts: two cell types, receive filtrate from many nephrons and run through medullary pyramids, ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
        
        Principal Cells: sparse with short microvilli, maintain water and Na+ balance
        
        Intercalated Cells: cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli, two types of intercalated cells (A and B both help maintain acid base balance of blood)