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The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Meiosis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Autosomes – 22 pairs in humans
      - Sex chromosomes – 1 pair in humans – XX or XY
    - - Diploid or 2n, humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes
      - Haploid or n, gametes have 1 member of each pair of chromosomes or 23 total chromosomes
    - - In diploid species, members of a pair of chromosomes are called homologues
      - Autosomes, each homologue nearly identical in size and genetic composition
      - Sex chromosomes, X and Y very different from each other in size and composition
  - - - S – synthesis of DNA
        
        Chromosomes replicate
        
        sister chromatids
      - G2 – second gap
        
        Cell synthesizes proteins needed during mitosis and cytokinesis
      - G1 – first gap
        
        Cell growth occurs during G1 phase
    - - Division of one cell nucleus into two, with separation of sister chromatids
      - Cytokinesis, follows mitosis to divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells
- - - - Kinetochore microtubules, attached to kinetochore bound to centromeres
      - Polar microtubules, separate two poles
      - Astral microtubules, position spindle in cell
  - - - Chromosomes have already replicated and are joined as pairs of sister chromatids
      - Nuclear membrane dissociates
      - Chromatids condense into highly compacted structures
    - - Nuclear envelope completely fragments
      - Mitotic spindle is fully formed
      - Centrosomes move apart and demarcate the two poles
      - Spindle fibers interact with sister chromatids
      - Two kinetochores on each pair of sister chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules
    - - Pairs of sister chromatids are aligned along a plane halfway between the poles called the metaphase plate
    - - Connections broken between sister chromatids
      - Kinetochore microtubules shorten, pulling chromosomes toward the pole
    - - Chromosomes have reached their respective poles and decondense
      - Nuclear membranes now re-form to produce two separate nuclei
- - - - Physical exchange between chromosome pieces of the crossing bivalent
      - increase the genetic variation of a species
      - Chiasma, arms of the chromosomes tend to separate but remain adhered at a crossover site
  - - - Pairs of sister chromatids attached to SINGLE pole
    - - bivalents organized along metaphase plate as double row
    - - Crossing over occurs
    - - Connections between bivalents break, but sister chromatids stay connected together