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Digestive & Urinary System: Gabriela Orellana P.5 - Coggle Diagram
Digestive & Urinary System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5
Major functions of the digestive system:
Ingestion:
The action of food being taken into the mouth, chewed, and swallowed.
Digestion:
Process of breaking down complex, insoluble molecules of food into smaller, simpler molecules which can then be absorbed by the body.
Absorption:
The process where the products that result from digestion are transferred from the digestive track into the blood or lymph
Excretion:
The process by which the body gets rid of wastes and toxins that could be damaging to the body
Major functions of the urinary system:
-Filters salts and wastes from the blood
-Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water
-Regulates pH and body fluid volume
Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure
Major organs of the digestive system:
Mouth:
Salivary enzymes begin carbohydrate digestion and break up food particles
Esophagus:
Muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach
Stomach:
Receives food from esophagus, Mixes food with digestive juices and begins digestion of proteins
Pancreas:
A gland that makes enzymes for digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
Liver:
The largest organ inside the body. Makes bile, changes food into energy and filters the blood.
Gallbladder:
Stores the bile made in the liver, then empties it into the small intestine to help digest facts
Large instestine:
Also known as colon. It absorbs water and electrolytes from stool, produces certain vitamins, and forms and stores feces
Small intestine:
Digests protein, fats and carbohydrates. Bacterial metabolism plus nutrient and excess water absorption.
Anus:
The opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel movements leave the body
Pharynx:
Directs food into the stomach to prevent choking
Rectum:
The lower end of the large intestine, leading to the anus which stores and expels feces
Major organs of the urinary systems:
Ureters:
which transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Kidneys:
Filter the blood
Urinary Bladder:
Stores urine
Urethra:
Conveys urine to the outside of the body
Digestive enzymes (including names and functions):
Salivary amylase:
Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides
Pepsin:
Begins protein digestion
Pancreatic Amylase:
Breaks down starch into disaccharides
Pancreatic Lipase:
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Proteolytic Enzymes:
Break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides
B)
Chymotrypsin
A)
Trypsin
C)
Carboxypeptidase
Nucleases:
Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides
Peptidase:
Breaks down peptides into amino acids
Sucrase, maltase, lactase:
Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides
Intestial Lipase:
Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Enterokinase:
Converts trypsinogen into trypsin
Macromolecules::
Carbohydrates:
-Polymers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-Classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
-Found in starch, fruits, vegetables, milk and sugars
Nucleic Acids:
-Include DNA and RNA that are the polymers of nucleotides
-Nucleotides comprise a pentose group, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base group
Proteins:
-Polymers of amino acids
-Include the carboxylic and the amino acids
-Lipids or carbohydrates would not exist without protein
Lipids:
-A hydrophobic set of macromolecules (they do not dissolve in water)
-Involve triglycerides, carotenoids, phospholipids and steroids
-Help in the formation of the cell membrane, formation of hormones and as stored fuel
Layers of the GI tract (including stomach):
Submucosa:
-Lies under the mucosa
-Consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands
-Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
-Vessels transports absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs
Muscularis:
-Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
-Propels food through the canal
Musoca:
-The inner layer of the wall
-A mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
-Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
-Protects tissue of the canal
-Carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
-In some regions, the mucosa is modified into folds or projections, which increase surface area
Serosa:
-Outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum
-Protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs
Nephron anatomy and physiology:
Proximal Convoluted tubule:
Reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients: removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH
Glomerulus:
Filters small solutes from the blood
Descending loop of Henle:
Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
Ascending loop of Henle:
Reabsorbs Na+ and CI- from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid
Distal tubule:
Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance
Collecting duct:
Reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate
Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems:
Digestive Disorders:
Constipation:
Infrequent bowel movements
Gallstones:
Deposits that form in the gallbladder
Gastroesophageal Reflux:
Stomatch contents leak back up through the esophagus
GI infections:
May be bacterial, viral or fungal
Hemorrhoids:
Swollen veins in the rectum or anus
Abdominal Hernia:
Intestines protrude through the abdominal wall
Inflammatory Bowel Disease:
Inflammation of the intestinal lining
Liver Disease:
Liver inflammation and tissue damage
Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome:
Irritation of the intestinal lining
Pancreatitis:
Inflammation of the pancreas
Peptic Ulcers:
Sores in the lining of the stomach
Colitis:
Sores and inflammation of the colon
Viral Hepatitis:
Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis virus
Urinary Disorders:
Bladder Cancer:
Cells that make up the urinary bladder start to grow out of control, which then form a tumor.
Urinary Tract Infection:
An abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract, most commonly in the bladder.
Kidney Stones:
When the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones can form. These stones do not show any symptoms and are very painful