Digestive & Urinary System:
Gabriela Orellana
P.5

Major functions of the digestive system:

Major functions of the urinary system:

Major organs of the digestive system:

Major organs of the urinary systems:

Digestive enzymes (including names and functions):

Macromolecules::

Layers of the GI tract (including stomach):

Nephron anatomy and physiology:

Disorders of the digestive and urinary systems:

-Filters salts and wastes from the blood

-Helps maintain normal concentrations of electrolytes and water

-Regulates pH and body fluid volume

Helps control red blood cell production and blood pressure

Ureters: which transport urine from kidneys to bladder

Kidneys: Filter the blood

Urinary Bladder: Stores urine

Urethra: Conveys urine to the outside of the body

Salivary amylase: Begins carbohydrate digestion by breaking down starch to disaccharides

Pepsin: Begins protein digestion

Pancreatic Amylase:Breaks down starch into disaccharides

Pancreatic Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Proteolytic Enzymes: Break down proteins or partially digested proteins into peptides

B) Chymotrypsin

A) Trypsin

C) Carboxypeptidase

Nucleases: Breaks down nucleic acids into nucleotides

Peptidase: Breaks down peptides into amino acids

Sucrase, maltase, lactase: Break down disaccharides into monosaccharides

Intestial Lipase: Breaks down fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Enterokinase: Converts trypsinogen into trypsin

Ingestion: The action of food being taken into the mouth, chewed, and swallowed.

Mouth: Salivary enzymes begin carbohydrate digestion and break up food particles

Esophagus: Muscular tube leading from pharynx to stomach

Stomach: Receives food from esophagus, Mixes food with digestive juices and begins digestion of proteins

Pancreas: A gland that makes enzymes for digestion and bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

Liver: The largest organ inside the body. Makes bile, changes food into energy and filters the blood.

Gallbladder: Stores the bile made in the liver, then empties it into the small intestine to help digest facts

Large instestine: Also known as colon. It absorbs water and electrolytes from stool, produces certain vitamins, and forms and stores feces

Small intestine:Digests protein, fats and carbohydrates. Bacterial metabolism plus nutrient and excess water absorption.

Anus: The opening at the end of the digestive tract where bowel movements leave the body

Pharynx: Directs food into the stomach to prevent choking

Rectum: The lower end of the large intestine, leading to the anus which stores and expels feces

Digestion: Process of breaking down complex, insoluble molecules of food into smaller, simpler molecules which can then be absorbed by the body.

Absorption: The process where the products that result from digestion are transferred from the digestive track into the blood or lymph

Excretion: The process by which the body gets rid of wastes and toxins that could be damaging to the body

Submucosa:
-Lies under the mucosa
-Consists of loose connective tissue, housing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and glands
-Nourishes the surrounding layers of the canal
-Vessels transports absorbed nutrients away from digestive organs

Muscularis:
-Consists of 2 layers of smooth muscle: inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer
-Propels food through the canal

Musoca:
-The inner layer of the wall
-A mucous membrane that surrounds the lumen of the tube
-Consists of epithelium, underlying connective tissue, a little smooth muscle
-Protects tissue of the canal
-Carries on secretion and absorption of dietary nutrients
-In some regions, the mucosa is modified into folds or projections, which increase surface area

Serosa:
-Outer serous layer, or visceral peritoneum
-Protects underlying tissues, and secretes serous fluid to reduce friction between organs

Digestive Disorders:

Constipation: Infrequent bowel movements

Gallstones: Deposits that form in the gallbladder

Gastroesophageal Reflux: Stomatch contents leak back up through the esophagus

GI infections: May be bacterial, viral or fungal

Hemorrhoids: Swollen veins in the rectum or anus

Abdominal Hernia: Intestines protrude through the abdominal wall

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Inflammation of the intestinal lining

Liver Disease: Liver inflammation and tissue damage

Inflammatory Bowel Syndrome: Irritation of the intestinal lining

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas

Peptic Ulcers: Sores in the lining of the stomach

Colitis: Sores and inflammation of the colon

Viral Hepatitis: Inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis virus

Urinary Disorders:

Bladder Cancer: Cells that make up the urinary bladder start to grow out of control, which then form a tumor.

Urinary Tract Infection: An abnormal growth of bacteria anywhere along the urinary tract, most commonly in the bladder.

Kidney Stones: When the urine has high levels of minerals and salts, hard stones can form. These stones do not show any symptoms and are very painful

Proximal Convoluted tubule: Reabsorbs ions, water, and nutrients: removes toxins and adjusts filtrate pH

Glomerulus: Filters small solutes from the blood

Descending loop of Henle:Aquaporins allow water to pass from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

Ascending loop of Henle: Reabsorbs Na+ and CI- from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid

Distal tubule: Selectively secretes and absorbs different ions to maintain blood pH and electrolyte balance

Collecting duct: Reabsorbs solutes and water from the filtrate

Carbohydrates:
-Polymers of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
-Classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides
-Found in starch, fruits, vegetables, milk and sugars

Nucleic Acids:
-Include DNA and RNA that are the polymers of nucleotides
-Nucleotides comprise a pentose group, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base group

Proteins:
-Polymers of amino acids
-Include the carboxylic and the amino acids
-Lipids or carbohydrates would not exist without protein

Lipids:
-A hydrophobic set of macromolecules (they do not dissolve in water)
-Involve triglycerides, carotenoids, phospholipids and steroids
-Help in the formation of the cell membrane, formation of hormones and as stored fuel